Plagiarism

Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid

Associate Professor
Department of Hydraulics & Hydrology
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM
E-mail: sshahid@utm.my
Wikipedia Definition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism):

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and
publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original
work.
Plagiarism
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary
Source: www.meriam-webster.org

Plagiarism means:
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as
one's own
to use (another's production) without crediting the
source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source
Plagiarism
The following are considered plagiarism
(source: www. plasgiarism.org):

Turning in someone else's work as your own
Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving
credit
Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit
Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes
up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not
(see our section on "fair use" rules)
Plagiarism
Forms of Plagiarism
Different forms of plagiarism (source: plagiarism.org):

Cloning
Copy
Find-replace
Remix
Recycle
etc. etc. etc. .



CLONING

Submitting anothers work, word-for-word, as ones own
Definition of cloning is taken from pasgiarism.org
Recent studies show that LAI is insensitive to elevated CO
2
during the first 2 years,
but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration under
enhanced CO
2
after two years (Harz-Rubin and Delucia, 2001; Anten et al., 2003).
On the other hand, due to stomatal closure under elevated CO
2
concentration it is
expected that there will be a considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration
(Ainsworth and Long, 2005). Data on tropical plants under changing climate are
still few, and it is very difficult to conclude on physiographic change on rice due to
increased temperature and elevated CO
2
. Greenhouse experiments findings might
also be limited in field conditions by abiotic or biotic factors. In the present study,
it is assumed that there will be no overall change in crop evapotranspiration due
to physiological change of rice under increased temperature and elevated CO
2
.
Copied from another source without citation
COPY
Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations.
Spatial Interpolation
For the mapping of spatial pattern of trends from point data Kriging interpolation
method is used. Geostatistical analysis tool of ArcMap 9.1 (ESRI, 2004) is used for this
purpose. Kriging is a stochastic interpolation method (Journel and Huijbregts, 1981;
Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989), which is widely recognized as standard approach for
surface interpolation based on scalar measurements at different points. Study showed
that Kriging gives better global predictions than other methods (van Beers and Kleijnen,
2004). Kriging is an optimal surface interpolation method based on spatially dependent
variance, which is generally expressed as semi-variogram. Surface interpolation using
kriging depends on the selected semi-variogram model and the semi-variogram must be
fitted with a mathematical function or model. Depending on the shape of semi-
variograms, different models are used in the present study for their fitting.
Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space.
Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal
extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information
from many sites each with a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000; Shahid et
al., 2002). GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to
relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be
used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and
modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall
trends (Shahid et al., 2012).
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
You cant copy significant portion even if you cite the sources
FIND REPLACE

Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the
source
Recent studies show that LAI is insensitive to elevated CO
2
during the first 2
years, but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration
under enhanced CO
2
after two years. On the other hand, due to stomatal
closure under elevated CO
2
concentration it is expected that there will be a
considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration. Data on tropical plants
under changing climate are still few, and it is very difficult to conclude on
physiographic change on rice due to increased temperature and elevated CO
2
.
Recent studies show that LAI increases to elevated CO
2
during the first few
years, but there is an enhancement of LAI and increase of evapotranspiration
under enhanced CO
2
after few years. On the other hand, due to stomatal
closure under increased CO
2
concentration it is expected that there will be a
considerable decrease in actual evapotranspiration. Data on tropical plants
under changing climate are still limited, and it is very not possible to conclude
on physiographic change on rice due to increased temperature and elevated
CO
2
.
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
You need to cite the source after modification
REMIX

Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate
change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic
changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate change
in Bangladesh (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
2003). It has been predicted that due to climate change, there will be a
steady increase in temperature and change in rainfall pattern of
Bangladesh (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate
change. Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of
global climate change in Bangladesh. It has been predicted that due to
climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and change
in rainfall pattern of Bangladesh.
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
It should be:
You have to cite all the sources.
RECYCLE

Borrows generously from the writers previous work without citation
Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of
rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological
investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with
a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000). GIS maintains the spatial location of
sampling points, and provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational
database. Therefore, it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-
meteorological data and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial
variation of rainfall trends (Shahid et al., 2002).
Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space. Complete analysis of
rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal extents. Hydrological
investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information from many sites each with
a unique geographic location. GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and
provides tools to relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore,
it can be used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data
and modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall trends.
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
It should be:
Recycling the paragraph, you have to cite the source as you have taken the idea
HYBRID

Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation
India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic changes are the
most significant potential impacts of global climate change in India. It has been
predicted that due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in
temperature and change in rainfall pattern of India (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, 2007).
India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Hydrologic changes are the
most significant potential impacts of global climate change in India(Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003). It has been predicted that
due to climate change, there will be a steady increase in temperature and
change in rainfall pattern of India(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
2007).
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
It should be:
You have to cite all the sources.
ERROR

Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources
Climate Change will have severe implications in Southeast Asia
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).
Climate Change will have severe implications in Malaysia (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, 2007).
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
Though Malaysia is in Southeast Asia, you cant change it like that.
AGGREGATOR

Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work
India is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change
Hydrologic changes are the most significant potential impacts of global climate
change in India. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).
India might be the one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate.
However, it is not clear how global climate change will change hydrological
processes in India (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). .
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org
Original concept is modified/misinterpreted, but you are citing it as original
RE-TWEET

Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the texts original wording
and/or structure
A work from Shahid (2012)
Spatial Interpolation
For the mapping of spatial pattern of trends from point data Kriging interpolation
method is used. Geostatistical analysis tool of ArcMap 9.1 (ESRI, 2004) is used for this
purpose. Kriging is a stochastic interpolation method (Journel and Huijbregts, 1981;
Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989), which is widely recognized as standard approach for
surface interpolation based on scalar measurements at different points. Study showed
that Kriging gives better global predictions than other methods (van Beers and Kleijnen,
2004). Kriging is an optimal surface interpolation method based on spatially dependent
variance, which is generally expressed as semi-variogram. Surface interpolation using
kriging depends on the selected semi-variogram model and the semi-variogram must be
fitted with a mathematical function or model. Depending on the shape of semi-
variograms, different models are used in the present study for their fitting (Shahid et al.,
2012).
Climate is a dynamic phenomenon, which changes over time and space.
Complete analysis of rainfall events requires study both of its spatial and temporal
extents. Hydrological investigation over a large area requires assimilation of information
from many sites each with a unique geographic location (Shahid et al., 2000; Shahid et
al., 2002). GIS maintains the spatial location of sampling points, and provides tools to
relate the sampling data contained through a relational database. Therefore, it can be
used effectively for the analysis of spatially distributed hydro-meteorological data and
modeling. In the present paper, GIS is used to show the spatial variation of rainfall
trends (Shahid et al., 2012).
The concept is taken from pasgiarism.org The text should be modified.
Data Sources
You presenting others data in different format. The source should
be mentioned.
Data Sources
You processed others data by using your method and presented it. It is the
output of your work. No citation needed.
Data Sources
You have picked up data from others table/Figure and presented it in
different format. You have to cite the source.
Always cite the source

In most of the cases, plagiarism can be avoided if you
properly cite the sources from where you have taken the
text, concept and idea.

Even if you change the text and rewrite in your word, the
source should be mentioned.
Avoid Plagiarism
Be clear about citation

When you remix your interpretation with others interpretation,
make it clear who told what and what is your words

Do not cite other sources to establish your idea.

Avoid Plagiarism
Paraphrasing

A paraphrase is a restatement of others work/idea in your own
words.

Changing few keywords does not paraphrasing.

You must change words and sentence structure without
changing the original concept.

You have to cite properly after paraphrasing.
Avoid Plagiarism
Anti-Plagiarism Software
Turnitin

Turn It In