Learning Defined: _______________________

________________________________________
Conditioning: a kind of learning that involves

associations between environmental stimuli and

responses

Types of Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: (Pavlov)
The organism learns to associate two stimuli
One produces a response that originally was only
produced by the other
Classic example of dog/bell and salivation

 Unconditioned Stimulus (US): elicits the

unconditioned response ____________

Unconditioned Response (UR): response which is

automatically produced _______________

 Conditioned Stimulus (CS): originally neutral

stimulus that elicits a behavior after being paired

with a US ______________
Conditioned Response (CR): response elicited by

the conditioned stimulus ____________________

Acquisition: phase of Classical conditioning when

the _____________________________________

 Extinction: repeat the conditioned stimulus

without the unconditioned stimulus over time and

the conditioned response ____________________

 Spontaneous Recovery: after a response has been

extinguished it may_______________________
________________________________________|
_______________________________

 Higher Order Conditioning: pairing a neutral

stimulus with the conditioned stimulus will create

another conditioned stimulus, _______________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
______________________________

 Stimulus generalization: after a stimulus becomes

a conditioned stimulus for some response, other,

similar stimuli may produce ___________________

 Stimulus discrimination: one learns to realize the

differences between similar stimuli

 Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting

Classically conditioned response
__________________(US)
______________ (UR)
_____________________(CS)
________________________(CR)
__________________________________________
ANV patients dont respond well to anti-nausea
drugs
Responsive to some behavioral treatments

 Garcias research found that there may be

differential reactions to classical conditioning

_______________________seem to be particularly

sensitive to learning.
May be evolutionarily determined.

 Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning

Behavior is dependent on its consequences

 Thorndike: Studied cats to understand learning

behaviors
Law of Effect: a satisfying result _____________

_________________________________________

 B.F. Skinner: all behavior is explained by looking

outside the individual. People (and animals) tend

to repeat behaviors which have positive
consequences; decrease behaviors which have
negative consequences

 Three types of consequences

Neutral consequence: __________________

______________________________________
Reinforcement: anything which will make a
response ____________________________
Punishment: anything which will make a response
_____________________________________

 Primary Reinforcers: satisfy biological needs:

_______________________________________
________________________________________
Secondary Reinforcers: satisfy through association

with primary reinforcers: ___________________

__________________________________________

 Punishments: presentation or removal of a

stimulus _______________ the likelihood of a

response
Positive punishment: something occurs (a stimulus

presented) to decrease a behavior

___________________
Negative punishment: something is removed to

decrease a behavior _______________________

Stimulus Added

Stimulus Removed

Response
Increase

positive
reinforcement

negative
reinforcement

Response
Decrease

positive
punishment

negative
punishment

 Reinforcement or Punishment which occurs

immediately after a behavior has the ________

_______________________________________
Another Contemporary Example

Learning Schedules
Continuous: reward/punishment occurs each time

the behavior occurs

Intermittent/Partial: reward/punishment occurs

when a response occurs only some of the time

 Ratio Schedules: deliver reinforcement after a

certain number of responses have occured

Interval Schedules: reinforcement after a certain

amount of time has passed and the desired

behavior has occurred

 Fixed ratio schedules: reinforcement after a fixed

number of responses ____________

Variable ratio schedules: reinforcement after some

average number of responses _____________

 Fixed interval: reinforcement occurs after a fixed

amount of time has passed since the past reinforcer

________________
Variable interval: reinforcement occurs if a variable

amount of time has passed since the previous

reinforcer _______________________
________________

 For a response to persist, it should be reinforced

________________, making the response more

difficult to extinguish

 Shaping: reinforcing behavioral tendencies in a

desired direction. Uses successive approximation-reinforce responses that are increasingly similar to
the desired behavior

 Social Cognitive Theories of Learning

Observational Learning: believe there is a higher

level cognitive process to how we learn, impacts

attitudes, beliefs and expectations

 Banduras Four Key Components to Observational

Learning
Attention: _____________________________

_______________________________________
Retention: have the capacity to store/retrieve what
you have observed
Reproduction: behaviorally imitate what has been
stored in memory
Motivation: ________________________________
___________________________________________

 Lessons from Lassie Study (Sprafkin et.al. 1975)

Observational learning can have _____________
Children who were exposed to media that

demonstrated altruistic behavior towards animals

were ________________________________________

 Research on Video Games and their Influence

(Bushman)
Playing violent video games increases violent behavior

in __________________________
Findings consistent in experimental and
nonexperimental studies
Exposure to violent content leads to both physiological
and cognitive reactions
Appears to ________________________________