Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Version 7
Powerful.
User-Friendly.
Cost-Effective. Priced at $249, SigmaXL is a fraction
of the cost of any major statistical product, yet it has
all the functionality most professionals need.
Quantity, Educational, and Training discounts are
available.
Visit www.SigmaXL.com or call
1-888-SigmaXL (1-888-744-6295) for more
information.
Why SigmaXL?
Whats Unique to
SigmaXL?
Whats Unique to
SigmaXL?
It is well known that the central limit theorem enables the t-Test
and ANOVA to be fairly robust to the assumption of normality.
A question that invariably arises is, How large does the sample
size have to be?
A popular rule of thumb answer for the one sample t-Test is
n = 30. While this rule of thumb often does work well, the sample
size may be too large or too small depending on the degree of
non-normality as measured by the Skewness and Kurtosis.
Furthermore it is not applicable to a One Sided t-Test, 2 Sample tTest or One Way ANOVA.
To address this issue, we have developed a unique template that
gives a minimum sample size needed for a hypothesis test to be
robust.
Whats Unique to
SigmaXL?
Worksheet Manager
Data Manipulation
Box-Cox Transformation
Lean Templates:
Pareto Chart
Histogram
Run Chart
2 to 5 Factors
2-Level Full and Fractional-Factorial designs
Main Effects & Interaction Plots
Individuals
C-Chart
Count
Pareto Chart
100
100%
90
90%
80
80%
70
70%
60
60%
50
50%
40
40%
30
30%
20
20%
10
10%
0%
ls
al
-c
n
r
tu
Re
Di
or
ot-t
l
cu
ffi
r
de
l
o-to
s
ke
- ta
er
d
r
O
g
on
Category
l
co
gn
ro
W
or
il
va
-a
t
No
le
ab
Graphical Tools
Graphical Tools
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Pareto Charts
6
4
2
Ordertakestoo-long
Notavailable
Wrongcolor
Difficultto-order
Returncalls
Ordertakestoo-long
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ordertakestoo-long
12
Notavailable
10
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
14
Count
12
Count
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
14
Notavailable
Ordertakestoo-long
Notavailable
Wrongcolor
Difficultto-order
Returncalls
Wrongcolor
Wrongcolor
Difficultto-order
10
Difficultto-order
12
Returncalls
Count
10
Returncalls
12
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
14
Count
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
14
70
Count of Major-Complaint
60
50
40
Customer Type
3
2
1
30
20
10
0
Difficult-to-order
Not-available
Order-takes-too-long
Major-Complaint
Return-calls
Wrong-color
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Histograms &
Descriptive Statistics
12
Count = 31
Mean = 3.3935
Stdev = 0.824680
Range = 3.1
8
6
Minimum = 1.7200
25th Percentile (Q1) = 2.8100
50th Percentile (Median) = 3.5600
75th Percentile (Q3) = 4.0200
Maximum = 4.8
4
2
4.98
4.71
4.44
4.17
3.90
3.62
3.35
3.08
2.81
2.54
2.26
1.99
1.72
12
10
Count = 42
Mean = 4.2052
Stdev = 0.621200
Range = 2.6
8
6
Minimum = 2.4200
25th Percentile (Q1) = 3.8275
50th Percentile (Median) = 4.3400
75th Percentile (Q3) = 4.7250
Maximum = 4.98
4
2
4.98
4.71
4.44
4.17
3.90
3.62
3.35
3.08
2.81
2.54
2.26
1.99
1.72
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Histograms &
Process Capability
Histogram and Process Capability Report
Room Service Delivery Time: Before Improvement (Baseline)
LSL = -10
Target = 0
USL = 10
160
140
120
Count = 725
Mean = 6.0036
Stdev (Overall) = 7.1616
USL = 10; Target = 0; LSL = -10
Capability Indices using Overall Standard Deviation
Pp = 0.47
Ppu = 0.19; Ppl = 0.74
Ppk = 0.19
Cpm = 0.36
Sigma Level = 2.02
Expected Overall Performance
ppm > USL = 288409.3
ppm < LSL = 12720.5
ppm Total = 301129.8
% > USL = 28.84%
% < LSL = 1.27%
% Total = 30.11%
100
80
60
40
20
0
Delivery Time Deviation
Target = 0
USL = 10
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Delivery Time Deviation
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Boxplots
Overall Satisfaction
Overall Satisfaction
1
1
2
Customer Type - Size of Customer: Large
2
Customer Type - Size of Customer: Small
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
109
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
1099
0
Graphical Tools:
Run Charts with
Nonparametric Runs Test
67.40
62.40
57.40
52.40
Median: 49.00
47.40
42.40
37.40
32.40
1
NSCORE
NSCORE
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Normal Probability
Plots
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
1
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
Graphical Tools:
Multi-Vari Charts
4.634
4.634
4.634
4.634
4.134
4.134
4.134
4.134
3.634
3.634
3.634
3.634
3.134
3.134
3.134
3.134
2.634
2.634
2.634
2.634
2.134
2.134
2.134
2.134
1.634
1.634
#1
#2
#3
Standard Deviation
1.634
#1
#2
#3
1.634
#1
#2
#3
#1
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
#1
#2
#3
#1
#2
#3
#2
#3
0.00
#1
#2
#3
#1
#2
#3
Graphical Tools:
Multiple Scatterplots with
Linear Regression
5.1
4.6
y = 0.5238x + 1.6066
R2 = 0.6864
5.1
y = 0.5639x + 1.822
R2 = 0.6994
4.6
Overall Satisfaction
Overall Satisfaction
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.6
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.1
2.6
1.6
1.1
1.01
1.51
2.01
2.51
3.01
3.51
4.01
4.51
2.1
1.88
2.38
2.88
3.38
3.88
4.38
4.88
y = 0.567x + 1.6103
R2 = 0.6827
3.7200
2.7200
1.7200
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
3.7200
2.7200
1.7200
1.4000
5.0000
Responsive to Calls
y = 1.2041x - 0.7127
R2 = 0.6827
2.0000
1.0000
1.7200 2.2200 2.7200 3.2200 3.7200 4.2200 4.7200
3.0000
2.0000
1.4000
1.7200 2.2200 2.7200 3.2200 3.7200 4.2200 4.7200
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
0.9600
1.7200 2.2200 2.7200 3.2200 3.7200 4.2200 4.7200
Overall Satisfaction
3.9600
y = 0.0799x + 2.9889
R2 = 0.0071
1.9600
0.9600
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
Responsive to Calls
5.0000
Staff Knowledge
1.9600
4.9600
2.9600
3.9600
3.9600
y = 0.0599x + 3.0732
R2 = 0.0026
2.9600
1.9600
0.9600
1.4000
4.9600
y = 0.0893x + 3.57
R2 = 0.0071
3.0000
2.0000
1.9600
2.9600
3.9600
2.4000
3.4000
4.4000
Ease of Communications
4.9600
Staff Knowledge
4.4000
y = 0.0428x + 3.6071
R2 = 0.0026
3.4000
2.4000
1.4000
0.9600
1.9600
2.9600
3.9600
Staff Knowledge
4.9600
Staff Knowledge
Staff Knowledge
2.9600
y = 0.303x + 2.5773
R2 = 0.1437
2.4000
1.4000
1.0000
2.9600
4.0000
1.0000
0.9600
4.4000
Responsive to Calls
4.9600
y = 0.1055x + 2.8965
R2 = 0.0059
3.4000
3.4000
Overall Satisfaction
3.9600
2.4000
Ease of Communications
2.4000
4.4000
1.9600
Staff Knowledge
Ease of Communications
Ease of Communications
Ease of Communications
Overall Satisfaction
3.4000
2.7200
5.0000
y = 0.4743x + 2.0867
R2 = 0.1437
4.0000
1.0000
1.4000
y = 0.0555x + 3.6181
R2 = 0.0059
3.7200
1.7200
0.9600
4.4000
Responsive to Calls
3.0000
y = 0.8682x + 0.4478
R2 = 0.5556
3.4000
5.0000
4.0000
4.4000
2.4000
4.7200
Ease of Communications
Responsive to Calls
Responsive to Calls
5.0000
y = 0.64x + 1.4026
R2 = 0.5556
4.7200
Overall Satisfaction
4.7200
Overall Satisfaction
Overall Satisfaction
Graphical Tools:
Scatterplot Matrix
4.9600
Statistical Tools
P-values turn red when results are significant (pvalue < alpha)
Descriptive Statistics including Anderson-Darling
Normality test, Skewness and Kurtosis with pvalues
1 Sample t-test and confidence intervals
Statistical Tools
Two-Way ANOVA
Statistical Tools
Bartlett
Levene
Welchs ANOVA (with optional assumptions report)
Correlation Matrix
Statistical Tools
Statistical Tools
Nonparametric Tests
Statistical Tools:
Two-Sample Comparison
Tests
P-values turn red
when results are
significant!
Rules based
yellow highlight to
aid interpretation!
4.28
4.08
3.88
3.68
3.48
3.28
3.08
1
2
Customer Type
Statistical Tools:
Correlation Matrix
Statistical Tools:
Multiple Linear Regression
Statistical Tools:
Multiple Linear Regression
Statistical Tools:
Multiple Regression
Statistical Tools:
Multiple Regression
Observation Order
-2
0
-3
Regular Residuals
1.50
1.5
1.00
1
-0.50
-1.00
Fitted Values
1.
10
10
12
0.
00
-1
10
0.
00
20
0.
60
80
.0
0
40
0.
10
60
.0
0
50
-0
.4
0
NSCORE
3
40
.0
0
0.00
-0
.9
0
Frequency
60
20
.0
0
0.50
Regular Residuals
1.
19
1.
01
0.
84
0.
67
0.
50
0.
32
0.
15
-0
.0
2
-0
.1
9
-0
.3
7
-0
.5
4
-0
.7
1
-0
.8
8
30
0.
00
12
0
10
0
80
60
40
20
Regular Residuals
Statistical Tools:
Multiple Regression with
Residual Plots
0
Residuals
0.5
-0.5
-1
Statistical Tools:
Binary and Ordinal
Logistic Regression
Statistical Tools:
Nonparametric Tests
1 Sample Sign
1 Sample Wilcoxon
2 Sample Mann-Whitney
Kruskal-Wallis Median Test
Moods Median Test
Kruskal-Wallis and Moods include a graph of
Group Medians and 95% Median Confidence
Intervals
Runs Test
Statistical Tools:
Nonparametric Tests - Exact
Statistical Tools:
Chi-Square Test
1 Sample t-Test
2 Sample t-Test
One-Way ANOVA
1 Proportion Test
2 Proportions Test
The Power and Sample Size Calculators
allow you to solve for Power (1 Beta),
Sample Size, or Difference (specify two, solve
for the third).
Power (1 - Beta)
1
Difference = 0.5
0.8
Difference = 1
Difference = 1.5
0.6
Difference = 2
Difference = 2.5
0.4
Difference = 3
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
Sample Size (N)
40
50
60
Measurement Systems
Analysis
Basic MSA Templates
Create Gage R&R (Crossed) Worksheet
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Gage R&R
Template
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Create Gage R&R
(Crossed) Worksheet
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Analyze Gage
R&R (Crossed)
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Analyze Gage
R&R (Crossed)
Measurement Systems
Analysis:
Analyze Gage R&R with
Confidence Intervals
Measurement Systems
Analysis:
Analyze Gage R&R with
Confidence Intervals
Pa
rt
01
Pa _O
p
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01 era
Pa _O tor
A
p
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01 era
t
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Pa
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rB
p
rt
02 era
t
_
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Pa
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rC
p
rt
02 era
t
or
Pa _O
A
p
rt
02 era
Pa _O tor
B
p
rt
03 era
t
_
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Pa
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rC
p
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03 era
t
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Pa
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p
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03 era
t
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Pa _O
B
p
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04 era
t
or
Pa _O
C
p
rt
04 erat
o
_
Pa
rA
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p
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04 era
t
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Pa
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rB
p
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05 era
t
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Pa _O
C
p
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05 era
t
or
Pa _O
A
p
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05 era
Pa _O tor
B
p
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06 era
t
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Pa
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rC
p
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06 era
t
_
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Pa
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rA
p
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06 era
t
or
Pa _O
B
p
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07 era
Pa _O tor
C
p
rt
07 era
to
_
Pa
O
rA
p
rt
07 erat
o
_
Pa
rB
O
p
rt
08 era
t
or
Pa _O
C
p
rt
08 era
Pa _O tor
A
p
rt
08 era
t
_
o
Pa
O
rB
p
rt
09 era
t
_
o
Pa
O
rC
p
rt
09 era
t
or
Pa _O
A
p
rt
09 era
t
or
Pa _O
B
p
rt
10 era
Pa _O tor
C
p
rt
10 era
t
_
o
Pa
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rA
p
rt
10 era
_O tor
B
pe
ra
to
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R - Part/Operator - Measurement
Pa
rt
01
Pa _O
p
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01 era
Pa _O tor
A
p
rt
01 era
t
_
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Pa
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rB
p
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02 era
t
_
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Pa
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rC
p
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02 era
t
or
Pa _O
A
p
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02 era
t
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Pa _O
B
p
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03 era
to
_
Pa
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rC
p
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03 erat
o
_
Pa
rA
O
p
rt
03 era
t
or
Pa _O
B
p
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04 era
t
or
Pa _O
C
p
rt
04 era
Pa _O tor
A
p
rt
04 era
t
_
o
Pa
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rB
p
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05 era
t
_
o
Pa
O
rC
p
rt
05 era
t
or
Pa _O
A
p
rt
05 era
to
Pa _O
rB
p
rt
06 erat
o
_
Pa
rC
O
p
rt
06 era
t
_
o
Pa
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rA
p
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06 era
t
or
Pa _O
B
p
rt
07 era
Pa _O tor
C
p
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07 era
t
_
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Pa
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rA
p
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07 era
t
_
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Pa
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rB
p
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08 era
t
or
Pa _O
C
p
rt
08 erat
or
Pa _O
A
p
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08 era
t
_
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Pa
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rB
p
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09 era
t
_
o
Pa
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rC
p
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09 era
t
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Pa _O
A
p
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09 era
t
or
Pa _O
B
p
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10 era
Pa _O tor
C
p
rt
10 era
t
_
o
Pa
O
rA
p
rt
10 era
_O tor
B
pe
ra
to
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Measurement Systems
Analysis: Analyze Gage
R&R X-bar & R Charts
Gage R&R - X-Bar by Operator
1.5430
1.4930
1.4615
1.4430
1.4213
1.3930
1.3812
1.3430
1.2930
1.2430
1.1930
0.067
0.057
0.047
0.037
0.027
0.007
0.021
0.017
0.000
-0.003
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Analyze Gage
R&R Multi-Vari Charts
1.50879
1.50879
1.45879
1.45879
1.40879
1.40879
1.35879
1.35879
1.30879
1.30879
1.25879
1.25879
1.20879
1.20879
Operator A
Operator B
Operator - Part 01
Operator C
Operator A
Operator B
Operator - Part 02
Operator C
Measurement Systems
Analysis: Attribute MSA
(Binary)
Any number of samples, appraisers and
replicates
Within Appraiser Agreement, Each
Appraiser vs Standard Agreement, Each
Appraiser vs Standard Disagreement,
Between Appraiser Agreement, All
Appraisers vs Standard Agreement
Fleiss' kappa
Attribute Measurement
Systems Analysis
80
Process Capability
(Normal Data)
-12.66
28.28
3.28
81
10
1
12
1
14
1
16
1
18
1
20
1
22
1
24
1
26
1
28
1
30
1
32
1
34
1
36
1
38
1
40
1
42
1
44
1
46
1
48
1
50
1
52
1
54
1
56
1
58
1
60
1
62
1
64
1
66
1
68
1
70
1
72
1
7.34
81
10
1
12
1
14
1
16
1
18
1
20
1
22
1
24
1
26
1
28
1
30
1
32
1
34
1
36
1
38
1
40
1
42
1
44
1
46
1
48
1
50
1
52
1
54
1
56
1
58
1
60
1
62
1
64
1
66
1
68
1
70
1
72
1
61
41
21
40
10
27.34
27.61
22.34
17.34
12.34
2.34
Mean CL: 6.00
-2.66
-7.66
-17.66
-15.60
33.28
23.28
26.54
18.28
13.28
8.28
8.12
-1.72
0.00
27
60
17
70
-3
80
-13
50
NSCORE
90
-23
25.5
23.9
22.2
20.6
19.0
17.4
15.7
14.1
12.5
10.9
9.2
7.6
6.0
4.4
2.7
1.1
-0.5
Target = 0
61
41
21
LSL = -10
-2.1
-3.8
-5.4
-7.0
-8.6
-10.3
-11.9
Process Capability:
Capability Combination
Report
USL = 10
30
-1
20
-2
-3
-4
Half-Normal
Lognormal (2 & 3 parameter)
Exponential (1 & 2 parameter)
Weibull (2 & 3 parameter)
Beta (2 & 4 parameter)
Gamma (2 & 3 parameter)
Logistic
Loglogistic (2 & 3 parameter)
Largest Extreme Value
Smallest Extreme Value
97
99
93
95
89
91
85
87
81
83
77
79
73
75
69
71
65
67
61
63
57
59
53
55
49
51
45
47
41
43
37
39
33
35
29
31
25
27
21
23
17
19
13
15
9
11
5.26
4.98
4.71
4.44
4.17
3.90
3.62
3.35
3.08
2.81
2.54
2.26
1.99
1.72
1.45
LSL = 3.5
16
14
12
10
Overall Satisfaction
5.500
5.000
5.136
4.500
4.000
3.500
3.885
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.548
Process Capability:
Box-Cox Power
Transformation
Normality Test is
automatically applied
to transformed data!
Design of Experiments
Design of Experiments:
Generate 2-Level Factorial
and Plackett-Burman
Screening Designs
Design of Experiments:
Generate 2-Level Factorial
and Plackett-Burman
Screening Designs
Design of Experiments
Example: 3-Factor, 2-Level
Full-Factorial Catapult DOE
Objective: Hit a target at exactly 100 inches!
Design of Experiments:
Main Effects and
Interaction Plots
Design of Experiments:
Analyze 2-Level Factorial
and Plackett-Burman
Screening Designs
Design of Experiments:
Analyze 2-Level Factorial
and Plackett-Burman
Screening Designs
Design of Experiments
Example: Analyze Catapult
DOE
15
10
B:
BC
AB
AC
AB
C
St
op
Pi
gh
t
He
i
C:
Pi
n
Pu
ll B
ac
k
A:
Abs(Coefficient)
20
Design of Experiments:
Predicted Response
Calculator
Design of Experiments:
Response Surface Designs
2 to 5 Factors
Central Composite and Box-Behnken Designs
Easy to use design selection sorted by number of
runs:
Design of Experiments:
Contour & 3D Surface Plots
Control Charts
Individuals
Individuals & Moving Range
X-bar & R
X-bar & S
P, NP, C, U
P and U (Laney) to handle overdispersion
I-MR-R (Between/Within)
I-MR-S (Between/Within)
Control Charts
Control Charts
Control Charts
Control Charts:
Individuals &
Moving Range Charts
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R - Shot 1 - Shot 3
Control Charts:
X-bar & R/S Charts
114.5292156
106.81
104.5292156
99.52921561
100.37
94.52921561
93.92
89.52921561
84.52921561
16
16.21776
14
12
10
6
6.30000
0
0.00000
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4.00
8.00
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MR - Shot 1 - Shot 3
112.35
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R - Shot 1 - Shot 3
117.35
107.35
109.23
97.35
100.37
92.35
91.50
87.35
82.35
10.00
10.89000
8.00
6.00
3.33333
2.00
0.00
0.00000
16.00
16.21776
14.00
12.00
10.00
6.00
6.30000
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00000
Simplifies the
selection of
appropriate control
chart based on
data type
Includes Data
Types and
Definitions help
tab.
Control Charts:
Use Historical Limits;
Flag Special Causes
1
109.15
1 106.81
107.15
105.15
103.15
100.37
101.15
99.15
97.15
95.15
93.92
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
93.15
Control Charts:
Add Comments as Data Labels
Control Charts:
Summary Report on
Tests for Special Causes
Control Charts:
Use Historical Groups to
Display Before Versus
After Improvement
Individuals - Delivery Time Deviation
31
Before Improvement
After Improvement
26
21
16
11
7.00
6
1
-4
-9
-14
-19
-6.80
Control Charts:
Scroll Through Charts With
User Defined Window Size
Control Charts:
Process Capability Report
(Long Term/Short Term)
Individuals/Moving Range
Chart for Nonnormal Data:
Johnson Transformation
Control Charts:
Box-Cox Power
Transformation
Normality Test is
automatically applied
to transformed data!
Reliability/Weibull
Analysis
Weibull Analysis
SigmaXL Training
SigmaXL Training
Course Contents:
Day 1: Introduction to SigmaXL, Basic
Graphical Tools and Descriptive Statistics
Day 2: Measurement Systems Analysis,
Process Capability
Day 3: Comparative Methods, Multi-Vari
Analysis
Day 4: Correlation, Regression and
Introduction to DOE
Day 5: Statistical Process Control