Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M.PHIL
SIR IMRAN ARSHAD
IRAM KHALIQ
Semester:1
SARA
HINA
SIDRA
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
DEFINITION
The term "cytokine" is derived from a
combination of two Greek words - "cyto"
meaning cell and "kinos" meaning
movement.
Cytokines are cell signalling molecules
that aid cell to cell communication in
immune responses and stimulate the
movement of cells towards sites of
inflammation, infection and trauma.
Functions of cytokines
Stimulation
Inhibition
Differentiation
Cell death
chemoattract
Properties of cytokines
Names of Cytokines
Source
e.g.,Lymphokines
Function
e.g.,Chemokines
Intercellular action
e.g., Interleukins
Cytokine-generating Cells
A Variety Of Cells Are
Capable Of Making
Cytokines
TH
THI
TH2
Innate immunity
Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
Adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes
Macrophages
NK cells
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF
CYTOKINES
Cytokines classified according to their biologic
actions into three groups:
1) Mediators and regulators of innate immunity
3) Stimulators of haematopoiesis
- Produced by bone marrow, stormal cells,
leukocytes
- Stimulate growth and differentiation of
leukocytes
- Stem cell factor, IL-3, IL-7, GM-CSF
1) Interferons (IFNs)
* Interferons (IFNs): are proteins secreted in
response to viral infections or other stimuli
* They include:
Action of IFN- :
- Activate Macrophages
- Increase expression of MHC-I and II on
APCs
- Enhance cytotoxic actions of Nk cells
2) Interleukins
Group of cytokines (secreted proteins/signalling
molecules) that were first seen to be expressed
by white blood cells (leukocytes).
The function of the immune system depends in a
large part on interleukins. The majority of
interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T
lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes,
macrophages, and endothelial cells.
They promote the development and
differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
4) Transforming growth
factor (TGF)
Sometimes referred to as Tumor Growth
Factor.
Two classes of polypeptide growth factors,
TGF - & TGF .
The two classes of TGFs are not structurally
or genetically related to one another & they
act through different receptor mechanisms.
They dont always induce cellular
transformation, and are not the only growth
factors that induce cellular transformation.
6) Growth factor
A naturally occurring substance capable
of stimulating cellular growth,
proliferation & cellular differentiation.
CHEMOKINES
Family of chemoattractants for
inflammatory cells & include;
IL-8 chemotactic for neutrophils
Cytokine Receptors
5 Major Families
Immunoglobulin Superfamily
Hematopoietin Receptor Family (Class I)
Interferon Receptor Family (Class II)
TNF Receptor Family
Chemokine Receptor Family
Cytokine Receptors
Multimeric receptors
Common signal-transducing subunits
Unique high affinity subunits
High affinity subunits associated with
activation of target cell
Seven-transmembrane-domain receptors
signal by coupling with trimeric GTPbinding proteins
Signal Transduction
Initiated by cytokine binding
Activates JAK (Janus kinase)
Phosphorylation of tyrosine
Binding of STAT(Signal transducers and
activators of transcription)
Translocation of STAT to cells DNA
Transcription of specific target genes
on receptor
Phosphorylation of JAKs themselves
cytotoxic
REFERANCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine
Pharmacology. H. P. Rang, M. M.
Dale, J. M. Ritter & P. K. Moore
http://www.cytokines.com/
Pathological Basis of
Disease. Robbins & Cotran
Essential of medical
pharmacology. K. D. Tripathi