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DEFINITION
Powders are intimate mixture of dry, finely divided
drugs that may be intended for internal or
external use.
It may be as :
dosage form or pharmaceutical preparation.
example : medicated oral powder
beginning point for the other dosage forms
(tablet, capsules, etc..)
Disadvantages
Inaccuracy of dose( size of
measuring spoon, density of
powder, humidity, degree of
settling , fluffiness.
Unsuitability for many
unpleasant tasting,
hygroscopic and deliquescent
drugs.
They are bulky to carry
Types of Powders
1- Divided powders
- packets
- capsules
2- Undivided (Bulk) powders
External use : dusting powder
Internal use : effervescence
powder/granule
Effervescent Powders
Definition: Mixture of organic acid and alkali
effervesces when subjected to water due to reaction
between the acid and the base with evolution of co2
Examples: Citric or tartaric acids with sodium
carbonate or bicarbonate
Uses: The liberated carbon dioxide has the
following advantages:
It masks the bitter and nauseous taste.
It promotes gastric secretions.
It acts as a carminative.
Granules
Effervescent granules
* Contain sodium bicarbonate and either citric acid,
tartaric acid or sodium biphosphate in addition to the
active ingredients.
* On solution in water, carbon dioxide is released as a
result of the acid-base reaction. The effervescence
from the release of the carbon dioxide serves to mask
the taste of salty or bitter medications.
* The completed product must be dispensed in tightly
closed glass containers to protect it against the
humidity of the air.
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Dusting powder :
2)
Insufflations :
INSUFFLATOR
1. Dusting Powders
It is a very fine, light powder for external used as
an insecticide, medicine, toiletry, etc.
Requirements:
1- Homogenous and very fine
2- Free from irritation.
3- Flow easily.
4- Have good covering capacity.
5- Have good adsorptive and absorptive capacity.
6- Spread uniformly over body surface.
7- Cling (adhere) to skin surface after application.
8- Protect the skin from irritation caused by friction,
moisture and chemical irritants.
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Dusting Powders
Application:
1- Medicated
Dusting Powders
Packaging:
Dispensed in sifter- top cans or pressurized packs
(aerosols).
Aerosols protect the powder from air, moisture and
contamination and more convenient for application.
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DIVIDED POWDER
COMPOSITION OF POWDER
POWDER
BASES/DILUENT
INTERNAL
Lactose,
Light kaolin
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
EXTERNAL
Bentonite, Kaolin, Kieselguhr,
magnesium carbonate,
starch, and talc
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PREPARATION
COMMUNITION
OF DRUGS
SIEVING
WEIGHING
MIXING
PACKAGING
Trituration
The continuous rubbing or grinding of the
powder in a mortar with a pestle.
This method is applied to hard, fracturable
powders.
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Mixing of Powder
Trituration
2)
3)
A- Glass mortars:
* Are designed primarily for use in
preparing solutions and suspensions
of chemical materials in a liquid. Also
are suitable for Preparing ointments
* Glass has advantage of being
comparatively nonporous and of not
staining easily and thus is particularly
useful when-substances such as
flavoring oils or highly colored
substances are used. Glass cannot be
used for comminuting hard solids.
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B- Wedgwood mortars
Are suited for comminution of crystalline solids.
* Wedgwood is relatively porous and will stain quite easily. A
Wedgwood mortar is available with a roughened interior
which aids in the comminution process but requires care in
washing since particles of the drugs may be trapped in the
rough surface and cause contamination.
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C- Porcelain mortars
are very similar to Wedgwood, except
that the exterior surface of the
former is usually glazed and thus
less porous.
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Pestles
* Are made of the same material as the mortar.
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2- Spatulation
The blending of powders with a spatula on a tile or
paper used sometimes for small quantities or when
the mortar and pestle technique is undesirable.
It is not suitable for large quantities of powders or for
powders containing one or more potent substance
because homogenous blending maynot occur.
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3- Sieving
Sieving usually is employed as a pre-or postmixing method to reduce loosely held
agglomerates and to increase the overall
effectiveness of blending process.
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4. Tumbling
Mixing a powder by spinning it in a
rotating machine
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Example:
Send 3 powders each containing 8 mg propranolol hydrochloride
for a child weighing 8 kg
one powder
Propranolol hydrochloride
Lactose
Total
8 mg
112 mg
120 mg
four powders
32 mg
448 mg
480 mg
Trituration:
propranolol hydrochloride
100 mg
lactose
400
So, each 100 mg of triturate contains 20 mg drug and therefore
160 mg of triturate will contain 32 mg
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Solution:
A- Compounding such substances with minimum pressure
B- Use a convenient method for mixing the powder like tumbling
in a jar or spatulation on a sheet of paper.
C- Each substance should be powdered separately in a clean
mortar and then combined with other ingredients gently.
D- Powder and dispense separately.
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