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MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Screw dislocation: how it looks?

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

How does grain form?

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Mechanical Properties

Why we need to know properties of materials?

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

To choose appropriate material(s) for the desired application

How do we obtain properties of materials?

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Through various testing/ characterization techniques

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Mechanical Properties

Strength
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Toughness and stiffness
Hardness
Brittle and ductile fracture
Fatigue
Creep

Strength

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Tensile, compressive, shear, bending, impact

Tensile strength

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Brittle solid

Ductile solid

Variation in specimen geometry during tensile test

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Initial geometry: cylindrical rod shape (dog bone specimen)

(Dog bone specimen)

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Tensile properties of selected metals at room temperature

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Tensile strength

Polymer
Rubber

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Tensile strength

Ceramics

Youngs modulus

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

E= Stress/Strain
Within elastic region

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Youngs modulus and Poisson ratio

Toughness

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture


Area under tensile stress-strain curve
Fracture toughness: is a property indicative of a materials resistance
to fracture when a crack is present
Notch toughness: For dynamic (high strain rate) loading conditions
and when a notch (or point of stress concentration) is present,

True strain-True stress

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Correction factor

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Hardness
Measure of resistance to indentation
Ability to resist scratch
Advantages:
non-destructive
can be related tensile strength
Types
Macro hardness (applied load > 1 kg)
Micro hardness (applied load < 1 kg)
Nano indentation (applied load in terms of mN)

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Methods of hardness testing

Brinell hardness (BHN) (500-3000 kg)


Rockwell hardness (HRX) X=A,B,C,D,E, F
Vickers hardness (VHN) (1-1000 g)
Knoop hardness (KHN) (1-1000 g)

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Methods of hardness testing

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Rockwell hardness types

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Rockwell hardness types

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Relation between Hardness and Tensile strength

Hardness testing: some comments

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Surface should be flat


Thickness of the specimen
10 X indentation depth

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Indentations of VH test

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Indentations of KH test

Advantages of micro-hardness test

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Measure the hardness of various phases in alloys

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Hardness of hair

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Poisson's Ratio
Ratio between lateral strain and linear strain
For metals: Typically around 0.26-0.35
Foams or cellular solids have negative Poissons ratio
Honeycombs

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Shear modulus

Ratio between shear stress and shear strain


E=2G(1+)
G- Shear modulus
- Poissons ratio

Safe stress

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Safe stress= Yield stress/ N


N is factor of safety
Normally N is between1.2 to 4

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Ductile to Brittle Transition


The temperature at which material changes ductile to brittle
fracture
How to get this data?
Impact studies of polymer is shown here

DBTT of metals

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

FCC- do not have DBTT


BCC- have DBTT

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

DBTT

Titanic disaster

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Creep

MM235 Materials Engineering (2014-2015)

Fatigue

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