Design of Machine Elements

Presented By:Barkha Gupta

H.O.D.(Mechanical)
R.M.E.C., Kota

Contents

Basic Concept of Design.

Concept of Machine Design and their Types.
Factors to be considered in Machine Design.
Steps of Machine Design.
Design and Manufacturing.
Manufacturing Process.

Design

Design is Essentially a Decision Making Process.

For every Problem, we need to Design a
Solution.
Design is to Formulate a Plan to Satisfy a
particular need and to create something with a
Physical Reality.
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Design of a Chair

Factors need to be Considered:

The purpose for which chair to be Design.
Whether the chair is to be design for a grown
up person or a child.
Material for the Chair.
(Strength and cost need to be Determined)
Aesthetics of design a chair.
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Basic Concept of Design

Decision Making: At every step of Design.
Consideration of different factors.
To draw certain conclusions leading to an optimal
Design.
Market Survey to read peoples mind.
Study of existing Norms.
A bad decision leads to a bad design and a bad
product.
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Concept of Machine Design

Machine is defined as a combination of

resisting bodies with successfully constrained
motions which is used to transform other forms
of energy into mechanical energy or transmit
and modify available energy to do some useful
work.
Machines can receive mechanical energy and
modify it so that a specific task is carried out.
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Concept of Machine Design

Modification/Transformation of Energy
Machine Elements

Machine design involves primarily designing

machine elements so that they may transmit the
forces and perform their tasks successfully.
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Concept of Machine Design

Types of Machine Design

Adaptive Design

Developmental Design
New Design

Types of Machine Design

Adaptive Design:- Based on existing design,
standard products or systems adopted for a new
application.
Conveyor belts, control system of machines are
some of the examples where existing design
systems are adapted for a particular use.

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Types of Machine Design

Developmental Design:- Start with an existing
design but finally a modified design is obtained.
A new model of a car is a typical example of a
developmental design .

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Types of Machine Design

New Design:- This type of design is an entirely
new one but based on existing scientific
principles.
No scientific invention is involved but requires
creative thinking to solve a problem.
Examples of this type of design may include
designing a small vehicle for transportation of
men and material on board a ship or in a desert.
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Types of Machine Design

Based on Methods:

Rational Design
Empirical Design

Industrial Design

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Types of Machine Design

Rational Design:- Based on determining the
stresses and strains of components and thereby
deciding their dimensions.

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Types of Machine Design

Empirical Design:- Based on empirical formulae
which in turn is based on experience and experiments.

For example, when we tighten a nut on a bolt the force

exerted or the stresses induced cannot be determined
exactly but experience shows that the tightening force
may be given by P=284d where, d is the bolt diameter
in mm and P is the applied force in kg.
There is no mathematical backing of this equation but it
is based on observations and
experience.
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Types of Machine Design

Industrial
Design:Based
on
industrial
considerations and norms viz. market survey,
external look, production facilities, low cost, use
of existing standard products.

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Factors to be Considered in Machine

Design

What device or mechanism to be used? This would decide the

relative arrangement of the constituent elements.
Material.
Forces on the elements.
Size, shape and space requirements.
Weight of the product.
The method of manufacturing the components and their
assembly.
How will it operate?
Reliability and safety aspects.
Inspectibility.
Maintenance, cost and aesthetics of the designed product.
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Steps for Machine Design

Machine design requires a thorough knowledge of
engineering science in its totality along with a
clear decision making capability.
Every designer follows his own methodology
based on experience and analysis.

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Steps for Machine Design

The main steps to be followed in general are:
Define the problem.
Make preliminary design decisions.
Make design sketches.
Carry out design analysis and optimization.
Design the elements for strength and
durability.
Prepare documentations to be followed for
manufacture

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Design and Manufacturing

A machine element, after design, requires to be
manufactured to give it a shape of a product.
Therefore, in addition to standard design practices
like, selection of proper material, ensuring proper
strength and dimension to guard against failure, a
designer should have knowledge of basic
manufacturing aspects.

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Design and Manufacturing

Types of Manufacturing Processes:

Shaping
Joining
Machining
Surface Finishing
Non Conventional Machining
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Design and Manufacturing

Shaping Processes:

Casting
Forging
Extruding
Rolling
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Design and Manufacturing

Joining Processes:

Welding
Riveting
Brazing
Screw Fastening
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Design and Manufacturing

Machining Processes:

Turning
Shaping
Milling
Drilling
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Design and Manufacturing

Surface Finishing Processes:

Grinding
Lapping
Honing
Electro Plating
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Design and Manufacturing

Non Conventional Machining Processes:

Ultrasonic Machining
Laser Beam Machining
Electro Chemical Machining
Abrasive Jet Machining
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Limit System
The allowable variation in size for the mating parts is called limits
and the nature of assembly due to such variation in size is known
as fits.

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Limit System
Types of Fits:

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Standard tolerances

18 grades: IT01 ,IT0 and IT1-1T16

25 types: A- ZC (For holes)

a- zc (For shafts)
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