SALT

Agroforestry Land
Technologies;
How to Farm Hilly Land
without Losing Soil

Problems in Upland Farming

Asia makes up less than one third (30%) of the
worlds land area and yet carries over half (56%)
of the worlds population. Moreover, the average
population density of Asia becomes a significant
long-term problem when food production is
considered.
To compound the problem, much of the land now
under cultivation in Asia has been classified as
degraded or as having undergone moderate-tosevere erosion. According to FAO, many Asian
countries now have 20% or more of their lands
considered degraded, with some countries
approaching 50%. (

The problem: Deforestation

leading to soil erosion
One problem of the region is the rapid depletion
of its forest cover. Mass deforestation for
economic reasons is carried out in a reckless
way. Shifting cultivators, due to population
pressures, move into newly opened areas and
begin to practice swidden (slash and burn)
agriculture.
Then the forest areas of generally fragile,
sloping soils, are subject to intensive agriculture
practices, which rapidly degrade the land.

Philippines Experience
The Philippines has almost 30 million
ha. In the 1950s almost half of that
(about 16 million ha) was classified as
natural forest. Today, less than 1
million ha of the natural forest remains.
In the same time period, the population
has almost doubled and the marginal
or fragile lands have increased from 2
million ha to 12 million.

Soil Erosion
The greatest problem man will
encounter when forest trees are
extensively cut without replanting,
combined with improper farming of
fragile, sloping lands is soil erosion. The
erosion of topsoilthe thin upper crust
on the earths surface in which man
plants his food cropsis an extremely
serious problem in Asia.

Soil
Soil - the loose material that covers the land surfaces of
Earth and supports the growth of plants. In general, soil is an
unconsolidated, or loose, combination of inorganic and
organic materials.
Soil Profile Descriptions
Soil Profile - A vertical section of the soil extending
vertically through all its horizons and into the parent
material.
Soil Horizon - A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the
surface, with properties that differ from the horizons above
or below it the properties (characteristics) are produced
by soil forming processes.
Soil Layer - A layer in the soil deposited by a geologic force
(wind, water, glaciers, oceans, etc.) and not relating to soil
forming process.

Importance of Topsoil
Soil is the result of gradual weathering of
plants, rock, and minerals. Its formation is
a very slow process that in some
estimates takes place at the rate of 2.5
cm per century. Topsoil is rich and fertile
because of its organic matter content.
Plants and animals die, decay, and are
incorporated into the soil, making it fertile
and capable of supporting the growth of
food crops.

Function of Topsoil
Topsoil stores plant nutrients, air, and
moisture. It is a virtual factory of intense
biological activity; innumerable fungi and
bacteria in topsoil break down organic
matter and make the soil richer. It is,
therefore, essential to agriculutral
production. The nutrients in topsoil are
crucial, as they are the food of plants. So
if the topsoil is lost, you cannot get a
good harvest from your land unless you
use expensive commercial fertilizer. The
best thing you can do, therefore, is to

Controlling Erosion
There are several traditional ways of
controlling soil erosion such as
reforestation, terracing, multiple
cropping, contouring and cover
cropping.
SALT

SALT
SALT is a package technology of soil
conservation and food production,
integrating differing soil conservation
measures in just one setting. Basically,
SALT is a method of growing field and
permanent crops in 3-5 m wide bands
between contoured rows of nitrogen
fixing trees. The nitrogen fixing trees are
thickly planted in double rows to make
hedgerows. When a hedge is 1.5-2 m tall,
it is cut down to about 75 cm and the

SALT: An Agroforestry Scheme

SALT is a diversified farming system which can be
considered agroforestry since rows of permanent
shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees
are dispersed throughout the farm plot. The strips
not occupied by permanent crops, however, are
planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice,
sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon,
pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean,
mung bean, peanut, etc.)
SALT also includes planting of trees for timber and
firewood on surrounding boundaries. Examples of
tree species for "boundary forestry" in SALT are
mahoganies, casuarinas, sesbanias, cashew nuts, pili
nuts, etc.

History of SALT
SALT was developed on a marginal site in
Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del Sur by the
Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center (MBRLC). In
1971, MBRLC started to employ contour
terraces in its sloping areas. Dialogues with
local upland farmers acquainted the Center
with farm problems and needs which gave the
Center the impetus to work out a relevant and
appropriate upland farming system.
From testing different intercropping schemes
and observing ipil-ipil-based farming systems
in Hawaii and at the Center, the SALT was
finally verified and completed in 1978.

 In 1978 a hectare of land was selected

as a test site at the Mindanao Baptist
Rural Life Center. It was typical of the
surrounding farms: slope steeper than
15 degrees, had been farmed for five
years or more, and had soils similar to
those of most farms in the area. Contour
lines were established carefully with the
aid of an A-frame and planting of
hedgerows and permanent crops was
begun.

Advantages of SALT
The advantages of SALT are that it is a
simple, applicable, low-cost, and timely
method of farming uplands. It is a
technology developed for Asian farmers
with few tools, little capital, and little
learning in agriculture. Contour lines are
run by using an A-frame transit that any
farmer can learn to make and use. A
farmer can grow varieties of crops he is
familiar with and old farming patterns
can be utilized in the SALT system.

Advantages of SALT (continued)

If farmers leave the SALT farm, like some
tribal groups do, the nitrogen fixing trees
and shrubs (NFTS) will continue to grow
and overshadow the crop area. By the
time the land is reverted to cultivation,
the soil has been enriched already by the
large amount of NFTS leaves and there is
no erosion to contend with. In addition,
the trees may be harvested for firewood
or charcoal.

Forms of SALT
Sloping Agriculture Land Technology
(SALT 1)
Sloping Agro-Livestock Technology
(SALT 2)
Sustainable Agroforest Land
Technology (SALT 3)
Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology
(SALT 4)

Sloping Agriculture Land Technology (SALT 1)

The ten steps of SALT

Step 1: Make an A-frame
The first step is to make an instrument to
locate the contour lines of your field.

Step 2: Locate and mark the contour lines

The next step is to use your instrument of choice to
locate contour lines in the field. Cut tall grasses or
remove any obstruction so that you can move easily and
mark lines. When using the A-frame, the task is much
easier and faster with two people working together. One
operates the A-frame while the other marks the located
contour lines with stakes.

Step 2 (continued)

Try to locate as many contour lines

as possible. Remember, the farther
the contour lines are from each
other, the more potential erosion
occurs. Also, closer contour lines
mean more nutrient-rich biomass
produced and made available to the
crops growing in the alley.

Step 2 (continued)

The steeper the slope, the closer the

contour hedgerows should be;
conversely, the flatter the slope, the
wider the spacing of hedges. However,
on the flatter slopes, it is recommended
that contour hedgerows be spaced no
farther apart than 5 m in order to
maximize the benefits of the NFTS
(nitrogen fixing trees/shrubs) on soil
fertility management.

Step 3: Prepare the contour lines

After you have found and marked the
contour lines, prepare them by plowing
and harrowing until ready for planting.
The width of each area to be prepared
should be 1 m. The stakes will serve as
your guide during plowing.

Step 4: Plant seeds of nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs

(NFTS)

On each prepared contour line make

two furrows at a distance of 0.5 m
apart. Sow the seeds in each furrow to
allow for a good, thick stand of
seedlings. Cover seeds lightly and
firmly with soil.
Examples of NFTS for hedgerows on
the SALT farm: Flemingia macrophylla,
Desmodium resonii, Gliricidia sepium,
and Indigofera anil.

Step 5: Cultivate alternate

strips
The space between the rows of
nitrogen fixing trees on which the
crops are to be planted is called a
strip or alley. Cultivation is done on
alternate strips (strips 2, 4, 6 and so
on). Alternate cultivation prevents
erosion because the unplowed strips
will hold the soil in place.

Step 6: Plant permanent crops

Plant permanent crops in every third strip.
They may be planted at the same time the
seeds of NFTS are sown. Only the planting
holes are cleared and dug; later, ring weeding
is employed until the NFTS are large enough
to hold the soil.

Step 6 (continued)
Examples of permanent crops include
durian, lanzones, rambutan, coffee,
banana, citrus, cacao, and others of
the same height. Tall crops are planted
at the bottom of the hill while the short
ones are planted at the top. Shadetolerant permanent crops can be
intercropped with the tall crops.

Step 7: Plant short- and mediumterm crops

You can plant short- and medium-term
crops between and among strips of
permanent crops . They are your source
of food and regular income while
waiting for the permanent crops to bear
fruit. Suggested short and medium-term
crops are pineapple, ginger, gabi, castor
bean, camote, peanut, mung bean,
melon, sorghum, corn, upland rice, etc.
To avoid shading, plant shorter plants

Step 7 (continued)

Strips of short- and medium-term plants, in between strips of longterm crops in SALT.

Step 8: Regularly trim the

NFTS

About once a month, the continuously

growing NFTS are cut back to a height of
0.5-1 m from the ground. Pruned leaves
and twigs should always be piled at the
base of the crops. They serve as soil
cover to minimize the impact of raindrops
on the bare soil. They also act as
excellent organic fertilizer for both the
permanent and short-term crops. In this
way, only a minimal amount of
commercial fertilizer is necessary.

Step 9: Practice crop rotation

A good way of rotating non-permanent
crops is to plant grains (corn, upland rice,
sorghum, etc.), tubers (camote, cassava,
gabi, etc) and other crops (pineapple,
castor bean, etc) on strips where
legumes (mung bean, bush sitao,
peanut, etc) were planted previously,
and vice versa. This practice will help
maintain the fertility and good condition
of your soil. Other management
practices in crop growing, like weeding

Step 10: Build and maintain green terraces

Apart from providing you with adequate food and
sufficient income, another important benefit of
using SALT is the control of soil erosion. This is
done by the double-thick rows of nitrogen-fixing
trees and the natural terraces being formed along
the contour lines of the hill. As you go on farming
the sloping land, keep gathering and piling up
straw, stalks, twigs, branches, leaves, rocks, and
stones at the base of the rows of nitrogen fixing
trees. By doing this regularly, and as the years go
by, you can build strong, sustainable, and
beautiful green terraces which will reliably anchor
precious soil in place .

Build-up of terraces over time with the SALT

system.

PART 2

SLOPINGAGROLIVESTOCK
TECHNOLOGY
(SALT-2)

SALT 2
It is classified under the agrosilvipasture scheme of agroforestry in
the sense that it integrates production
of fuelwood (from hedgerows),
agricultural crops, livestock, and
forage.

Steps in establishing SALT 2

Step 1: Locate and Develop the
Contour Lines
-Locate the contour lines of your farm
using anA-frame. Repeat the same
level-finding process with stakes every
5-meter distance along the way until
one complete contour lines is laid outand until the whole farm is covered.
Each contour line is spaced 4-5 meters

Step 2: Establish the Contour Hedgerows

Cultivate the contour lines thoroughly,
forming raised beds, 1 meter wide. Make
2 furrows, 1/2 meter apart, on each
contour line. Plant thickly the nitrogen
fixing trees and shrubs (NFT/S) on the
furrows. In addition, plant NFT/S at the
uppermost part and along the borders of
the farm. Examples of hedgerow species
are Flemingia macrophylla, Desmodium
rensonii, Leucoena leucocephala, L.
diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra
calothyrsus and Indigofera tyesmani

Step 3: Plant Food and Cash Crops

Grow your food and cash crops on the
upper half of the farm so that loosened
soil due to cultivation is caught at the
lower half by the forage crops.
To avoid further disturbance of the soil,
plant of the agriculture area to longterm crops and the remaining to
short-term ones.

Step 4: Develop the "Forage Garden

Plant the other half of the area to forage
crops. 2 goats need an area approximately
105 feet X 105 feet to provide sufficient feed.
This should be established 6-8 months before
bringing in the goats. Plant only palatable,
high in protein, fast coppicing and highyielding forage crops.
A suggested composition of forage crops is
55% Desmodium rensonii, 20% Gliricidia
septum, 20% Indigofera anil and 5%
Leucaenca leucocephala. Napier grass can
and should be used if available.

Step 5: Build the Goat (livestock) Barn

Step 5:
Construct the goat barn at the middle of
the farm between the boundary of the
"forage garden and agricultural area.
This will save time and labor in hauling
manure out to the farm and in carrying
forage to the goats.

Step 6: Bring in the Breeding Stock at the Right

Time
Do this only when the "forage garden" has been
fully established and is already capable of
supplying sufficient forage for the goats. Bring in
the goats 6-8 months after planting the forage
crops. The recommended breeds are either the
purebreds, crossbreeds or upgrades of Nubian,
Alpine and La Mancha. Without these breeds, start
with the biggest goat you can buy. A good
stocking rate is 1 buck: 6 does per half hectare of
a well-developed agro-livestock farm. Start small,
with 2 or 3 does, and begin building your herd as
you learn dairy goat production.

Step 7: Give the Goats Sufficient Feed

Dairy goats essentially needs:

Concentrates (highenergy feeds)

18% first class rice bran
23% corn grain or rice
middlings
21% copra meal
(coconut meal)
36% Leucaena
leucocepha ("ipil-ipil")
leaf meal
1% salt
1% limestone

Forage (high-fiber
feeds)
55% Desmodium
rensoni
20% Flemingia congesta
20% Gliricidia septum
5% Leucaena
leucocepha

Goats should be given daily rate of forage at least 10%

of their body weight.

Step 8: Breed the Goats at the Right Age

Earlier breeding will stunt the animal.
A doe should not be bred until she weighs 40- 45 kg
or she is 10-12 months old.
Breed the doe in the second day of the heat period.
If the doe is not
pregnant after being bred over three heat periods,
she should be culled, or placed under close
observation if she is a valuable breeding animal.
Re-breeding may be done 2-3 months after the doe
has given birth.
Bucks may be ready for servicing at 10 months of
age but not for heavy service until over one year
old.

Step 9: Sell Milk and other

Farm Products Immediately
Do not delay marketing your
agriculture, forestry, and livestock
products. Milk your goats daily,
pasteurize the milk and dispose it
immediately. Goats are to be marketed
at the age of 10-12 months or when
weighing from 35-55 kgs.

Step 10: Maintain the SALT-2 Farm

Regularly
Cut the hedgerows half to one-meter
from the ground when they start to shade
the field crops.
Replant missing hills of the hedgerows,
weed and clean the crops and spray with
chemicals only if necessary. Rotate the
non-permanent crops.
Collect manure and spread them over the
forage garden every 4 months to
maintain soil fertility and sustain forage
production.

SALT 2 does have two limitations:

decent income could only be realized if there is
a ready market for goat's milk; and cold
storage will be needed if milk handling is done
by the family.
Conclusion
Increased farm productivity per unit time and
area, generation of employment, and
increased milk/meat supply for the
improvement of the nutritional status of the
farming population are some of the key
solutions to poverty for the upland farmers of
the world.

Part 3

SUSTAINABLEAG
ROFOREST LAND
TECHNOLOGY
(SALT-3)

Step 1: Set Up the Agroforestry

Nursery
Ensure sufficient supply of planting
materials for your agroforest farm by
setting up your own nursery.
Establish an accessible nursery (3
meter by 5 meters for nursery and
about 5 feet by 10 feet) with the
following fixtures: potting shed,
transplant shed, and seedbeds.

Step 2: Care and Manage Your Seedlings

For better growth and field survival,

the production of healthy and
vigorous planting stock is necessary.
Here are some timely tips:
Sowing the seeds.
Transplanting.

Step 3: Find the Contour Lines and

Establish Your Food Crops on the Lower
Portion of the
Farm
Find the contour lines of the farm's half
lower portion by using an A-frame.
Plant the identified contours with any of
the following hedgerow species:
Flemingia macrophylla
Desmodium rensonii
Gliricidia sepium
Leucaena diversifolia
L. leucocephala

Step 3

Plant preferred short-term crops on

every first and second strips.
ginger
Maize
upland rice
sweet potato
Mung bean
melon, etc.

Plant long-term crops on every third

strip.
Citrus
Cacao
coffee
Banana
black pepper etc.
These can be intercropped with fruit
trees. Following appropriate planting
distances.
Multi-storey cropping may also be

Step 4: Prepare the Site for Your Wood

Crops or Trees
Locate the woodlot at the upper half of the
project so that the agricultural component on
the lower portion will benefit from the
conserved moisture and nutrients from the
wood crops.
On areas with steep slope and highly
erodible soils, extra care must be exercised
so as not to induce soil erosion when
clearing the area. You can use either partial
or complete removal of vegetation whichever
is more favorable to you. Avoid burning.

Step 5: Compartmentalize and

Space Your Trees
For a 3-fold objective of soil
rehabilitation, firewood production
and timber growing, you can
maximize the use of land space by
following the high density strategy of
establishing small-scale woodlots.

Step 5

Step 6: Outplant Your Trees

This may be done at the start or up to
the middle of the rainy season so that
seedlings can get established prior to
the dry season.

Step 7: Intercrop Your Tree

Crops
Short- and medium-term and cash
crops (ginger, sweet potato, yam
bean, cassava) can be intercropped
in the forestry component during the
first two years. Long-term ones like
black pepper and rattan can be
incorporated at the start of the
second year.

Step 8: Do Tree Stand Improvement

ring-weeding
liberation cutting
Pruning
Replanting

Step 9: Harvest Your Agroforest

Products Regularly
All households and useful products must be
gathered, processed and marketed.

Step 10: Maintain Your SALT-3 Farm

Trim the hedgerows once they start to
shade the agricultural crops. Spread
trimmings evenly throughout the field to
check weeds, equally distribute your
nutrient additions, and also conserve soil
moisture. Practice crop rotation in your
food crop production.

Part 4
SMALLAGROFRUIT
LIVELIHOOD
TECHNOLOGY (SALT-4):

A
GUIDE ON HOW TO INTEGRATE FRUIT
TREES INTO THE SALT SYSTEM

Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology

Experts identify several types of

agroforestry; among them
agrosilvicultural (tees with agricultural
crops) and silvopastoral (trees with
pastures and livestock). In recent
years, fruit crops and other perennial
horticultural crops are integrated in
agroforestry projects. The Mindanao
Baptist Rural Life Center (MBRLC) in
the southern part of the Philippines
introduced fruit trees into a new SALT
system called Small Agrofruit

Steps:
1. Establish a Nursery Area Located at the
Center Portion of the Farm
To make sure that you have a sufficient
supply of planting materials at lower cost, set
up your own nursery. The nursery must be
near the house and a reliable source of water
and is free from pest and disease problems.
Nursery shed
Materials needed
- watering cans, plastic bags for potting,
several seed boxes, a spray bottle, and cans
for boiling water.

2. Prepare High Quality Planting

Materials of Fruit Trees

Fruit selection
Seed collection and grafting
Hardening and transplanting
Large planting materials

3. Establish and Develop Your

Contour Hedgerows
Locating contour lines
Contour lines preparation
Recommended nitrogen fixing
trees and shrubs
Planting hedgerow species

4. Plant Food Crops at the Lower One-Third

Portion of Your Farm

Plant your preferred short-term crops on

the lower 1/3 portion of the farm. Shortterm crops (such as corn, upland rice,
mungo, beans, and others) should be
planted in the strips between the
hedgerows. Planting the food crops on the
lower portion of the farm allows them to
receive the largest amount of sunlight.
The earlier you establish your food and
cash crops, the better off you will be
meeting your immediate needs.

5. Plant Fruit Trees at the Upper Two-Thirds Portion of

Your Farm

Plant fruit tree seedlings when they are 911 months old and at the start of the rainy
season. The fruit trees, which will be the
farm's main cash provider in the future,
must occupy about 2/3 of the whole farm
It is recommended that fruit trees with short
production life 1-5 years of fruit production
be planted together with fruit tree species
that have longer production of life (15-50
years of production), especially during the
first year of establishing your SALT 4 farm.

SALT 4
Short-term fruits:
kalamansi (Philippine lime), balimbing,
coffee, and bananas
Long-term fruits:
mango, durian, lanzones, mangosteen
and the like.

7. Practice Crop Rotation and Covercropping

Crop Rotation
To make sure that you are not depleting your
soil of nutrients, rotate your food crops. This
means that after planting corn, you can plant
legumes (beans, pulses, and peas) in the
next cropping season or vice versa.
Covercropping
When the fruit trees have fully grown and/or
are starting to bear fruits, you may plant
covercrops like Desmodium heterophyllum
and Arachis pentoi underneath.

8. Trim Your Hedgerows Regularly

for Mulching
Pruning hedgerows
Green manuring/fertilization

Fruits

9. Harvest and Market Your

Products on Time
Seeds

Asexual Propagation

Atis

2-4 years

1.5-2 years

Avocado

4-8 years

1-2 years; but should not be allowed to

bear fruits until 4-5 years

Balimbing

4-6 years

2-3 years

Caimito

5-6 years

3-4 years

Cashew

3-4 years

Chico

6-10 years

3-5 years

Durian

7-8 years

5-6 years

Guava

4-6 years

2-3 years

Guyabano

3-5 years

2-3 years

Lanzones

12-15 years

2-4 years (marcotted); 7-9 years (grafted)

Jackfruit

6-8 years

4-5 years (grafted)

Mango

5-7 years

Mangosteen

10-15 years

7-9 years

Marang

4-6 years

Pili

5-4 years

2-3 years

Rambutan

5-6 years

3-4 years

Rimas

8-10 years

3-4 years

Santol

5-7 years

Siniguelas

3-4 years (marcotted)

* Data not available

Source: Coronel, R.E. Promising Fruits of the Philippines

10. Maintain Your SALT 4

Farm

Weeding
pruning of hedgerows
planting hedgerow skips
replanting
controlling of pests and diseases

 Cultural practices
Replant fruit trees that have died. Pruning is also needed
by some fruit trees. Bagging of young fruits, such as
jackfruit and mango, protects them against pests and
diseases. Maintain your supply of nursery seedlings.
Collect the seeds and grow them in your nursery. Take the
scions and cuttings from healthy, high quality fruit trees.
You may sell some of the seedlings to interested farmers
and individuals.
Pest management
If fruit production is greatly affected by pests and diseases,
spray the fruit trees with recommended chemical.
Generally though, by having alternating species, healthy
seedlings, proper spacing, and good fertilization, most
pests and diseases will not greatly affect your fruit
harvests. It is much easier to prevent pests and diseases
than to treat them.

 Fertilization
Fruit trees produce fruits even without fertilizer.
But for high yields and quality, it is best to
fertilize the fruit trees with manure and/or
commercial fertilizer. As soil fertility is different
in each area, it is not possible to give specific
fertilizer needs. In addition, different fruit tree
species require different amount of fertilizer.
When fertilizing fruit trees, place the fertilizer in
a ring around the trunk 20 centimeters away. On
older trees, place the fertilizer at the leaf drop.

Fruit trees

Scientific name Purposes/Uses*

Persea
Avocado
Fr, M, Fw
americana
Averrhoa
Balimbing
Fr, Fw
carambola
Citrus
Calamansi
Fr, M
microcarpia
Anacardium
Cashew
Fr, Fw, Tm, M
occidentale
Chico
Manilkara zapota Fr
Durian
Durio zibethinus Fr, Fw, TM
Guava
Psidium guajava Fr, Fw, M
Artocarpus
Jackfruit
Fr, TM, M
heterophyllus
Lansium
Lanzones
Fr, Fw, M
domesticum
Garciana
Mangosteen
Fr, M
mangostana
Papaya
Carica papaya
Fr, M
Pineapple
Ananas comosus Fr, M
Nephelium
Rambutan
Fr, Fw
lappaceum
Spondia
Siniguelas
Fr
purpurea
*Fr - fruit; Fw - fuelwood; TM - timber; M - medicinal
SPACING OF FRUIT TREES
** in centimeters

Distance (m)
8-10
5-7
2-3
8-9
7-9
10-12
4x4
8-10
5-7
8-10
3x3
30 x 60 x 90**
8-12
7-9

Some recommended intercrops for fruits in SALT 4.

Fruit
Atis
Avocado
Balimbing
Caimito
Cashew
Chico
Durian
Guava

Fruit intercrops
Cash crop intercrops
Mango, chico, citrus,
Annual field crops and
pineapple and papaya vegetables
Corn, mung beans,
Papaya, pineapple, and
peanut, eggplant or
banana
sweet potato
Corn, mung beans,

peanut, eggplant or
sweet potato
Banana, lanzones and Corn, root crops and
coffee
other annual crops
Banana, papaya and
Some annual field
pineapple
crops and vegetables
Banana, papaya,
Peanut and other
pineapple, calamansi
legumes
and atis
Corn, mung beans or
Banana and pineapple
peanut
Vegetable and short
term crops

Some recommended intercrops for fruits in SALT 4.

Shade tree for
coffee/black pepper

Short-term crops

Lanzones

Corn, mung beans, bush

sitao and other short-term
crops

Mango
Mangosteen
Marang

Atis, guava, guyabano

Short-term crops
Short-term crops

Pili

Banana, papaya and

pineapple

Field crops and vegetable

Rambutan

Annual crops and

coffee/cacao

Rimas

Citrus, chico, atis,

guyabano, pineapple,
papaya and pineapple

Santol

Many possible intercrops

Siniguelas

Banana, papaya, and

pineapple

Field crops and vegetables

Jackfruit

Source: Coronel, R. E.
(1983). Promising Fruits of
the Philippines.

The end!!!