Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Index
2.1. Elements and atoms are described by Daltons atomic the
ory
2.2 Atoms are composed of subatomic particles
2.3. The periodic table is used to organize and correlate facts
2.4. Elements can be metals, non-metals, or metalloids
2.5. Formulas and equations describe substances and their rea
ctions
2.6. Molecular compounds contain neutral particles called mo
lecules
2.7. Ionic compounds are composed of charged particles calle
d ions
2.8. The formulas of many ionic compounds can be predicted
2.9. Molecular and ionic compounds are named following a s
ystem
Chemical Laws
The law of conservation of mass - in a chemical
reaction, the mass of the reactants (starting
materials) will equal the mass of resulting
products
Implication: reactions involve the re-organization of
materials.
Learning Check:
Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium
oxide. If 16.88 g of Mg are consumed and 28.00 g
of MgO are produced, what mass of oxygen was
consumed?
Learning Check:
In a sample of MgO, there are 16.89 g Mg and 11.11
g O. What mass of O would there be in a sample
that contains 2.00 g of Mg?
Mass Mg
fixed ratio for a compound
Mass O
16.89 g Mg 2.00 g Mg
11.11 g O
xgO
16.89g x g 11.11 g 2.00 g
x 1.32 g O
Your Turn!
In a sample of an unknown compound, the mass
ratio of Cl to C is 47.227g Cl to 4.00 g C. In
another sample, there are 0.553 g of Cl. What
mass of C would be in this sample?
A.
0.1532 g
B.
6.52 g
C.
0.153 g
D.
0.0468 g
E.
None of these
2.1. Elements and atoms are described by Daltons atomic theory
10
Your Turn!
Two substances are formed from A and B. AB and
A2B3. If the mass ratio of A/B in AB is 3.49, what
is the ratio of A/B in A2B3?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
0.431
3.49
0.286
2.33
not enough information given
11
Proof Of Atoms
Since the early 1980s, the Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM) has been used
A surface can be scanned for topographical
information
The image for all matter shows spherical regions of
matter-- atoms
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Subatomic Particles
Particle
Symbol
electron
proton
neutron
0
1
1
1
e or e
p or 11H
1
0
n or n
Mass (u)
Location
Charge
5.48579903(10-4)
orbital
1-
1.007276470
nucleus
1+
1.008664904
nucleus
22
Atomic Mass
Daltons atomic theory states that atoms of an
element have a constant, characteristic atomic mass
or atomic weight measured in amu (u)
Atomic masses are based on a standard mass, that of
an atom of C
1 atom of Carbon-12 = 12 u
Thus 1 u = 1/12 the mass of a Carbon-12 atom
23
Isotopes
Most elements in nature are uniform mixtures of two
or more kinds of atoms with slightly different masses
Atoms of the same element with different masses are
called isotopes
For example: there are 3 isotopes of hydrogen and 4
isotopes of iron
24
Atomic Notation
A
Z
Sy
25
Example: uranium-235
Mass number, A (protons + neutrons) 235
Chemical Symbol
U
Atomic number, Z (number of protons) 92
This information can be summarized:
Number of protons = 92 ( = number of electrons)
Number of neutrons = 143
Atomic number (Z) = 92
Mass number (A) = 92 + 143 = 235
Chemical symbol = U
26
Learning Check:
Fill in the blanks:
symbol
neutrons
60Co
Br
81
65
29
Cu
33
46
36
protons
27
35
29
electrons
27
35
29
27
Your Turn!
How many neutrons are there in 52Fe?
A. 52
B. 55
C. 26
D. none of these
28
29
Your Turn
There are 2 isotopes of element Z. The first is
56.5% in abundance and has a mass of 152.3 u. If
the atomic mass is 155.5 u, what is the mass of
the other isotope?
A. 156 u
B. 44.5 u
C. 157. u
D. not enough information given
E. none of these 153.7 u
2.2 Atoms are composed of subatomic particles
30
Periodic Table
1A
2A
1
H
Li
Be
11
12
Na
Mg
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
8B
8B
1B
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
55
56
57
72
73
74
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
87
88
89
104
Fr
Ra
Ac
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
2
He
10
Ne
13
14
15
16
17
18
2B
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
114
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Uuu
Uub
Uuq
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
31
Periodic Table
Summarizes chemical and physical properties of the
elements
Mendeleev first arranged atoms by increasing atomic
mass. Noted repeating (periodic) properties
Modern table is arranged by increasing atomic
number (Moseley)
32
33
34
35
Your turn!
Which of the following is correct?
A. Cu is a representative transition element
B. Na is an alkaline earth metal
C. Al is a semimetal in group IIIa
D. F is a representative halogen
E. None of these are correct
36
Properties Of Metals
reflect light (have metallic luster)
Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets (are
malleable) and can be drawn into wire (are ductile)
Are solids at room temperature (except Hg)
conduct electricity and heat
37
Metalloids
Have properties between metals and nonmetals
38
Chemical Formulas
Are symbols used to describe other elements in a
compound
elements and compounds
Free elements are not combined with another
element in a compound. Examples: Fe (iron), Na
(sodium), and K (potassium)
Many non-metals occur in groups of 2 (as diatomic
molecules)- H, O, N, F, Cl, I, Br
Some elements occur as molecules: P4, S, S8, P10, O3 , etc
39
40
Hydrates
Hydrates are crystals that contain water
molecules, for example plaster: CaSO4 2H2O
When all the water is removed (by heating), the solid
that remains is said to be anhydrous (without water)
CuSO4 5H2O
CuSO4
41
CCN Mass%
C3S
45-75%
C2S
7-32%
C3A
0-13%
C4AF 0-18%
2-10%
Concrete formation
Cement chemist notation: C3S + H2O CSH(gel) + CaOH
Standard notation: Ca3SiO5 + H2O (CaO)(SiO2)(H2O)(gel)
+ Ca(OH)2
Balanced: 2Ca3SiO5 + 7H2O 3(CaO)2(SiO2)4(H2O)(gel) +
3Ca(OH)2
Learning Check:
Count The Atoms In A Chemical Formula
Na2CO3
(NH4)2SO4
Mg3(PO4)2
CuSO45H2O
___
1 C, ___
___Na,
2
3O
2
8
1 ____O
4
___N,
___H,
___S,
8
3
2 ____O
___Mg,
___P,
1
1 ___O,
10
9
___Cu,
___S,
___H
43
Chemical Equations
2 HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +CO2(g)
HCl and CaCO3 are called reactants
CaCl2, H2O,CO2 are called the products
44
Balanced Equations
The number of atoms of each
type must remain the same on
each side of the arrow
subscripts must not changethey define the identity of the
substances
Coefficients- numbers in front
of formulas-- indicate the
number of molecules of each
type
Balancing achieved by
adjusting coefficients
2 H2 + O2
2 H2O
45
Balanced Equations
Note that the number of each type of atom balances
and that the coefficient applies to the entire formula
46
Period
2
3
4
5
IVA
CH4
SiH4
GeH4
Group
VA
VIA
NH3
H2O
PH3
H2S
AsH3 H2Se
SbH3 H2Te
VIIA
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Noble
Gas
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
47
Alkanes
Alkanes are
hydrocarbons (contain
only C and H)
Always have a ratio of
atoms CnH2n+2
Named using a prefix
designating the
number of C
All have ane suffix.
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Prefix
MethEthPropButPentHexHeptOctNonDec-
Suffix
Name
Methane
Ethane
Propane
+ane
48
butane
octane
49
Your turn!
Which of the following is heptane?
A. C6H12
B. C7H14
C. C6H14
D. C7H16
Your turn!
Which is the correct name for C4H10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
methane
ethane
propane
pentane
none of these butane
52
53
Your Turn!
What is the name of CH3CH2CH2CH2OH?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
butanol
propanol
pentanol
tetranol
none of these
Your Turn!
What is a formula for heptene?
A. C6 H12
B. C7H14
C. C6H14
D. C7H16
E. none of these
Ionic Compounds
Positively charged ions are called cations
Negatively charged ions are called anions
subscripts in the formula always specify the
smallest whole-number ratio of the ions
needed to make a neutral combination
(formula unit)
2 Fe3+
3 O2-
Fe2O 3
56
N gains 3 electrons
57
Learning Check:
Fill in the blanks:
Symbol
neutrons
60Co3+
33
Br-
81
65
29
Cu 2
46
36
protons
electrons
27
24
35
36
29
27
58
59
60
61
Al O
Mg2+ O2NH4+ PO433+
2-
Al2O3
MgO
(NH4)3PO4
62
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for the
formula unit composed of potassium and oxygen
ions?
A. KO
B. KO2
C. K2O
D. none of these
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for the
formula unit composed of Fe3+ and sulfide ions?
A. FeS
B. Fe3S2
C. Fe2S3
D. none of these
Zinc Zn2+
Silver Ag+
Cadmium Cd2+
Gold Au+, Au3+
Mercury Hg22+, Hg2+
Lead
Pb2+, Pb4+
65
Ammonium ion
CO32-
carbonate ion
OH-
hydroxide ion
H3 O+
hydronium ion
NO2-
nitrite ion
SO32-
sulfite ion
NO3-
nitrate ion
SO42-
sulfate ion
ClO2-
chlorite ion
CrO42-
chromate ion
ClO3-
chlorate ion
PO43-
phosphate ion
66
Anions:
monatomic anions are named by adding the ide
suffix to the stem name for the element
polyatomic ions use the names in Table 2.5
67
Name as
Stem
First Element
oxoxygen
nitrnitrogen
phosph- phosphorus
chlorchlorine
iodiodine
Name as
Second Element
oxide
nitride
phosphide
chloride
iodide
68
Greek prefixes
mono- = 1 (omitted on 1st atom)
di=2
tri=3
tetra- = 4
penta- = 5
hexa- = 6
hepta- = 7
octa= 8
nona- = 9
deca- = 10
69
70
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A. N3I
B. NI3
C. NIO3
D. N(IO3)3
E. none of the above
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
phosphorus decoxide
tetraphosphorous decoxide
tetraphosphorus decoxide
tetraphosphorus oxide
none of these
73
sodium oxide
potassium oxide
ammonium chlorate
magnesium acetate
chromium(III) oxide
zinc bromide
74
mercury(I) nitride
(Hg2)3N2
ammonium phosphate
(NH4)3PO4
75
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A.
B.
C.
D.
copper sulfide
copper(II) sulfide
copper(I) sulfide
none of these
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium sulfite?
A. NH4SO4
B. (NH4)2S
C. NH4S
D. none of these
(NH4)2SO3
78
Summary of Properties
Hardness and brittleness
Molecular compounds tend to be soft and easily crushed
because the attractions between molecules are weak and
molecules can slide past each other
Ionic compounds are hard and brittle because of the strong
attractions and repulsions between ions
79
Melting Points
To melt the a solid, there must be sufficient kinetic
energy to overcome the attractions between particles
Molecular compounds have weak attractions between
particles and so tend to have low melting points
Many molecular compounds are gases at room
temperature
Ionic compounds tend to have strong attractions so they
have high melting points
Nearly all ionic compounds are solids at room
temperature
80
Electrical Conductivity
Requires the movement of electrical
charge
Ionic compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in the solid state
Do conduct electricity in the liquid and
aqueous states-the ions are free to move
Molecular compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in any state
Molecules are comprised of uncharged
particles
81
Your Turn!
Which of the following is likely true of NO2?
A.
B.
C.
D.