Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENT BYDr.Debanjan
INTRODUCTION
Classification of posture
A.
Inactive Posture
B.
Active
A) Static Posture
B) Dynamic posture
POSTURAL
MECHANISM
Postural Reflex
1. Muscle
2. Eyes
3. Ears
4. Joint Structure
Skin sensation also plays a part, eg.soles of the feet, when the body in
standing position.
Impulses from all these receptors are conveyed and coordinated in the
central nervous system.
Good / Correct PostureGood posture is the state of muscular and skeletal balance that protect
the supporting structures of the body against injury or progressive
deformity irrespective of the attitude.
Faulty posture
Postural/Positional
Structural
Postural Development
Correct posture
Position in which
minimum stress is placed
on each joint. (Magee)
Faulty posture
Any position that
increases stress on joints
Postural Development
Birth
Entire spine concave
forward (flexed)
Primary curves
Thoracic spine
Sacrum
Developmental (usually
around 3 mos.)
Secondary curves
Cervical spine
Lumbar spine
Postural Development
Factors affecting posture
Bony contours
Laxity of ligamentous structures
Fascial & musculotendinous tightness
Muscle tonus
Pelvic angle
Joint position & mobility
Neurogenic outflow & inflow
Postural Development
Causes of poor posture
Positional factors
Appearance of increased
height (social stigma)
Muscle imbalances/ contractures
Pain
Respiratory conditions
Postural Development
Structural factors
Congenital anomalies
Developmental problems
Trauma
Disease
Postural Control
Standard Posture-
POSTURAL EXAMINATION
The assessment of posture is in standing position. The whole posture is
asessed from head to toes in different views,
(a) Lateral views
(b) Posterior views
(c) Anterior views
The examiner should first determine the patient body type. There are three body
types:
(i) Ecotomorph is a person who has a thin body builds characterized by a
relative prominence of structure developed from the embryonic ectoderm.
(ii) Mesomorph has muscular or sturdy body build characterized by a relative
prominence of structure developed by the embryonic mesoderm.
(iii) Endomorph has a heavy or fat body builds characterized by a relative
prominence of structure developed from the embryonic endoderm.
Body type
Ectomorph
Mesomorph
Endomorph
ANTERIOR &
LATERAL VIEW
Anterior View
Lateral View
Correct Posture
Anterior view
Head straight on shoulders
Posture of jaw
Tip of nose
Upper trapezius neck line
Shoulders level
Clavicles/AC joints
Sternum & ribs
Waist angles & arm positions
Carrying angles
Anterior view
Iliac crests
ASIS
Pubic bone level
Patellae
Knees
Fibular heads
Malleoli
Arches
Foot rotation
Bowing of bones
Diastematomyelia (hairy
patches)
Pigmented lesions
Caf au lait spots
Neurofibromatosi
NORMAL POSTURE
FAULTY POSTUERES
Lordotic posture
Kyphotic posture / Round back
Scoliotic posture
Sway back posture / slouched posture
Flat back posture
Flat neck posture
Forward head posture
Types of Faulty
Posture
Lordotic posture
Faulty Posture
Kyphotic Lordotic
Posture
Exaggerated lordosis
Treatment of kyphosis
Relaxation
Repeated stretching session
Posture of head, neck and shoulder
Mobilization of the whole spine
Resistive exercise for longitudinal and transverse back
muscle
Controlled pelvic tilt
Treatment of scoliosis
Active Correction with postural adaptation
Passive Correction by Hanging
Educate the patient by active effort
Relaxation technique
Repeated sessions of maintenance
General free mobility exercises
Deep breathing
Balance Exercises
Traction
Milwaukee brace
FLAT NECK
POSTURE
Plumb Alignment
Lateral view:
Left
Right
Back view:
Deviated Left
Deviated Right
EVIDENCES
Instrumentation- inclinometer
Procedure
Measurements of pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis were taken before
testing the abdominal muscle function
Location of bony landmarks
Examiner palpated the right ASIS and PSIS
Palpated spinous processes of S2 and L3 and marked them with
adhesive markers.
Measurement of pelvic tilt
Examiner placed the arms of the inclinometer on the marked
ASIS and PSIS, and the second examiner (S.D.F.) read and
recorded the angle of inclination.
Measurement of lumbar lordosis
The points that intersected L3 and S2 were marked, and a line
was drawn between them.
Reliability
Testing of abdominal muscles
RESULTS
The ICC values for repeated measures (ie, reliability) of pelvic
tilt and lordosis were .84 and .90, respectively.
The Spearman's rho correlation coefficient for
repeated abdominal muscle tests was .71.
The Spearman's rho correlation of abdominal muscle test
values with pelvic tilt measurements was. 18 and with lumbar
lordosis measurements was .0
Pearson product-moment correlation of lumbar lordosis
measurements with pelvic tilt was .32.
DISCUSSION
Lumbar Lordosis
Pelvic Tilt
Abdominal Muscle Function
Relationship of Abdominal Muscle Function,
Lordosis, and Pelvic Tilt
CONCLUSION
Lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and abdominal muscle
function during normal standing are not related.
This study demonstrates the need for a reexamination of
clinical practices based on assumed relationships of
abdominal muscle performance,pelvic tilt, and lordosis.
of ear surgery
Central or peripheral nervous system disorder
Injury of the spine, hip, knee, or ankle that required
immobilization or surgery during the past 10 years
Respiratory illness within five days before data collection.
Pregnant or had undergone childbirth within the previous
three months
Currently had ataxia,vertigo, or nausea
Permanent musculoskeletal abnormalities
Taking any drugs
Equipment
standing platform
weighted belt
Procedure
Twenty subjects between the ages of 23 and 30
years stood on a polyurethane foam platform that
amplified their postural sway and were filmed from a
lateral view. All subjects wore markers over their
mandibles, hips, and knees and were filmed three
times with the weighted belt worn on a randomly
selected trial.
Frames from a 10-second interval of film from each
trial were studied, and the summed displacement at
each bony landmark between each frame of film was
calculated.
Subject with
mandible, hip, and
knee markers
positioned on
standing platform.
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Further study is indicated to determine the factors
influencing exaggerated sway in patient populations and
to assess the clinical benefits of using both manual pelvic
approximation and pelvic weighted belts on healthy
subjects and patients.
CONCLUSION
A significant decrease in postural sway was measured
at the mandible when subjects wore a pelvic weighted
belt.
A significant decrease was not seen in postural sway at
the hip or knee.
Additional research is needed to assess the effectiveness
of both manual pelvic approximation and approximation
through the use of a pelvic weighted belt in patient
populations
DISCUSSION Tilting the pelvis posteriorly decreased the absolute depth of the
lumbar curve.
Tilting the pelvis anteriorly increased the absolute depth of the
lumbar curve.
A person properly trained in a pelvic tilt maneuver can voluntarily
rotate his pelvis a sufficient amount to alter the lumbar lordotic
curve.
Methods
Lateral standing radiographs and photographs were captured and
then digitized.These data were input into biomechanical models to
estimate net segmental loading from T2L5 as well as trunk muscle
forces
Participants with (A) high kyphosis and (B) low kyphosis in a standing
posture with their respective lateral thoracic radiograph.
Sequential steps in
estimating net segmental
loads and muscle forces
for each
participant.
Results
The high kyphosis group demonstrated significantly greater
normalized flexion moments and net compression and shear forces.
Trunk muscle forces also were significantly greater in the high
kyphosis group.
A strong relationship existed between thoracic curvature and net
segmental loads (r.85.93) and between thoracic curvature
and muscle forces (r.70 .82).
5) Relationship Between
Standing Posture and Stability
David E Krebs
Background and Purpose
This study determined whether persons with
stability impairments have postural aberrations.
We investigated wholebody posture and its relationship to center-ofgravity (COG) stability
Subjects- Data from 27 subjects with vestibular hypofunction and 26
subjects without vestibular impairment were analyzed.
Method
An optoelectronic full-body system measured kinematics.
Force plates measured ground reaction forces while subjects stood
with their feet 30 cm apart and eyes open and with their feet
together and eyes closed.
Results
The subjects with vestibular hypofunction demonstrated less
stability than the subjects without impairment, but there were no
postural differences.
Subjects with vestibular hypofunction had more weight on the left
lower extremity during standing with feet apart.
In all subjects during standing with feet apart, the COG was
anterior
to the ankle, knee, back, and shoulder and posterior to the hip and
neck.
Subjects had an anterior pelvic tilt, extended trunk and head, right
laterally flexed trunk and pelvis, and flexed.