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Milestones in Immunology
EDWARD JENNER
is rightly described as the "Founding
Father of Immunology". He is best
known for his experiments on the
smallpox vaccine and the trials he
carried out prove its protective
value. His work began a pathway of
discovery of the immune system,
how it works and how it can be
exploited to the benefit of man.
Scientists from all over the world
have contributed to these
discoveries.
Milestones in Immunology
LOUIS
PASTEUR
He developed vaccination.
Milestones in Immunology
1908 ELIE
METCHNIKOFF and
PAUL EHRLICH
shared the Nobel Prize for
their work. Metchnikoff was
the first to observe cellular
phagocytosis and suggest
its protective importance.
Ehrlich developed stains
for, and described cells in
the blood. He put forward
the first idea of antibodies
as molecular chains on the
surface of cells
1913 CHARLES
RICHET
worked on anaphylaxis in
his studies with Paul J
Portier on the body's
response to toxins. He was
one of the first to
demonstrate that the
protective effects of the
immune system could also
cause great damage to the
body.
Milestones in Immunology
BEHRING and
SHIBASABURO
KITASATO
1905
ROBERT KOCH
developed a way to make
pure cultures of bacteria. He
discovered the cholera
bacterium. He also identified
the bacillus that causes
tuberculosis (TB) and
described the host response to
it.
Milestones in Immunology
1919
JULES BORDET
discovered that complement was
involved in lysis of red cells and
was fixed by antibody in immune
reactions, leading to bacteria
being killed. His findings were
later used to develop a test for
syphilis.
1930
KARL
LANDSTEINER
Milestones in Immunology
1951
MAX THEILER
showed that yellow fever is
caused by a virus, and that
growing the virus in culture
so weakened the strain
that it would not cause
disease when injected into
humans. Instead it acts as
a
vaccine
to
protect
against infection
1957
DANIEL BOVET
Milestones in Immunology
1960
F. MACFARLANE
BURNET and PETER
MEDAWAR
were awarded the Nobel
Prize for their work on
immunological tolerance
and cellular immunity.
Their work focused
attention on lymphocytes
as the key players in the
immune response.
1972
RODNEY PORTER
and
GERALD
EDELMAN
described the chemical
structure
of
antibody
molecules. They deduced
how they have a constant
region and two sites which
bind to antigen. They were
also able to explain how
variations in the amino acid
sequence
of
individual
antibodies
results
in
different binding shapes
allowing them to bind to
many different antigens
Milestones in Immunology
1977
ROSALIND YALLOW
working with Soloman Berson
discovered the association of
autoantibodies with insulinresistant diabetes. She
developed a very sensitive
method for measuring the
concentration of hormones in
blood, using specific
antibodies and a radioactive
antigen. This "immunoassay"
method for hormones had
enormous clinical benefit for
patients with hormonal
problems. She was the first
woman immunologist to win
the Nobel Prize
1980
BARUJ
BENACERRAF,
GEORGE SNELL
and JEAN DAUSSET
demonstrated the
importance of the genes
which govern the antigen
presenting molecules on cell
surfaces: the Major
Histocompatibility Complex
genes. These control the
immune response to
infection and are also very
important in transplant
rejection.
Milestones in Immunology
1984
NIELS
K. JERNE
1984
CESAR MILSTEIN
and GEORGE
KOHLER
were, in this same year,
recognised for their
development of the
technique for making
monoclonal antibodies.
These are now a tool used
widely in medicine,
research and industry.
Milestones in Immunology
1987
SUSUMU
TONEGAWA
1991
E.
DONAL
THOMAS and
JOSEPH MURRAY
are the latest in a long line
of immunologists to be
awarded the Nobel Prize.
They received it for their
work on transplantation
immunology
EMIL
UNANUE
BARUJ
BENACERRAF
introduced phagocytosis.
He was awarded for his
role in demonstrating that
MHC genes could control
the ability of an animal to
mount an immune
response to a specific
epitope.
DR.
JACQUES
MILLER
DR.
GUS NOSSAL
ALIC
ISAACS
RODNEY
PORTER
DONNAL
WILLIAM
COLEY
LUC
MONTAIGNER was
DR.
THOMAS
TOMASI and his
colleagues
FRANK
AUSTEN
JEAN
DAUSSET
JAMES
GOWANS
Discovered that
adaptive immunity is
mediated by lymphocytes
MICHAEL
HEIDELBERGER
Paul
Ehrlich
Almoth
Wright
He observed humoral or
circulating factors called
opsonins
Clemens
Pirquet
von
discovered delayed
hypersensitivity reactions
Clarence
Little
Arne
Tiselius &
Elvin Kabat
provided evidence that
antibodies are gamma
globulins
Albert
Coons
introduced
fluorescence labeling of
antibodies
Jules
Freund
introduced adjuvants
Peter
Medawar
George
Snell
Pierre
Grabar
discovered
immunoglobulins as
transporteurs
Jacques
Ouidin
developed precipitin
test in gels and the
idotypes
Orjan
Ouchterlony &
Stephen Elek
developed double
immuno-diffusion test in
gels
Astrud
Fargaeus
Milan
Hasek
provided experimental
evidence of acquired
immunologic tolerance
Gerald
Edelman
Kimishige
Ishizaka
discovered IgE as
reaginic antibody
Noel
Warmer
Acoons
Behring
Allison
Arrhenius
Austen
Coley
Doherty
Douglas
Durham, H.
Gowans
Gruber, M.
Heidelberger
Kabat, E.
Kendall
Little, C.
Miller, J.
Mitchison
Nossal, G.
Montagner, L.
Montagu
Ouidin, J.
Nicolas, A.
Pirquet, C.
Tak Mak
Thomas
Tiselius
Yalow, R.
Yalow, R.
Zinkernagel
Unanue
Murray
Thank
you .
Jules Bordet
Elie Metchnikoff
Peter Gorer