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3 domains development

Physical- size of nucleus


Cognitive- think,process information, store and
retrieve ,memory, solving problem, language and
speech
Socio-emotional- emotion (depend on family),
influence by food,love,safety and entertainment.
(Maslow theory)

Periods of development
Prenatal period
From conception to birth
Occurs before birth

Infancy and toddlerhood


From birth to 2 years
Changes of motor, perceptual and intellectual
capacities
Infants become more independent
Start making their first steps
Would use senses to explre

Periods of development
Early childhood
From 2 years to 6 years
Becomes more self-controlled
Engage retend plays, enjoys social interactions,
develop in thought and language
Able to make choices & comments
Attend preschool

Middle childhood
From 6 years to 11 years
Well developed motor skills
More logical thought processes, have basic reading and
writing skills
Are able to reason and make judgements

Adolescence

From 11 years o 18 years


A start to adulthood
Puberty starts
Can engage in abstract thoughts
Tend to be more autonomous
Depend moe on their peers and easily influenced

Emerging adulthood
From 18 to 25 years
Not yet assumed adult roles
Intensify their exploration in love, career and
personal values
Many are in higher education

Psychosexual theory
STAGES

AGES

FOCUS OF KEY
PSYCHIC
EVELOPM
ENERGY - ENTS
LIBIDO

FIXATION
S

ORAL

0-1

MOUTH,
TONGUE,
LIPS

WEANING
OFF
BREAST
FEEDING

SMOKING,
OVEREATIN
G

ANAL

1-3

ANUS

TOILET
TRAINING

ORDERLINE
SS,
MESSINESS

PHALIC

3-6

GENITALS

RESOLVING
ODIPUS/EL
ECTRA
COMPLEX

DEVIANCY,
SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTI
ON

LATENCY

6-12

NONE

DEVELOPIN NONE
G DEFENCE
MECHANIS
MS

GENITALS

12+

REACHING

Motor development in
infancy
Movement skills gross motor skills
Crawling
Walking
Running

Manipulative skills fine motor skills

Grasping
Picking up objects
Holding pencil
Threading needle
Deficits in any could impact future learning

Motor development in
infancy
Sequence of motor development
Gross motor dev
Cephalocaudal pattern
Head-to-toe pattern of development
i.e. they learn to use their upper limbs before their
lower limbs

Proximodistal pattern, or nearer to farther position


i.e. centre of the body outwwards

Cognitive development
Frontal lobe

Word production
Problem solving
Planning
Behavioural control
Emotion

temporal lobe
Wod undersanding
Memory
Emotion

Occipital lobe
Visual disturbances

Piagets cognitive
Adjust their mental schemas through accommodation
and assimilation to understand the world
Sensorimotor Period
The initial stage of development starts from birth to
about the age of 2. during this stage, the children
learns through motor and reflex actions.
Preoperational Periods.
Begins at about age 2 to 7.
Children have better knowledge of language
Need concrete physical situation to help them.
Cannot perceive abstract things

Concrete operational period


Age 7 till about 11
Formal operational period.
Age of 11 until age of adolescence

Socio-emotional
development
Eriksons theory
Children are born with capabilities.
Has divided human life to 8 stages and stated that
people have certain things that they have to
master at each stage.

Age

Man conflict

Typical Question

Infant

Basic trust versus


mistrust

Is my social world
predictable

Toddler (ages 1-3)

Autonomy versus
shame and doubt

Can I do things by
myself or must I
always rely on
others?

Preschool child (age


3-6)

Initiative versus
guilt

Am I good or bad?

Preadolescent (ages Industry versus


6-12)
inferiority

Am I successful or
worthless?

Adolescent (early
teens)

Who am I?

Identity versus role


confusion

Young adult (late


Intimacy versus
teens and early 20s) isolation

Shall I share my life


with another person
or liv alone?

Middle adult (ate


20s to retirement)

Generativity versus
stagnation

Will I succeed in my
life, both as a
parent and as a
worker?

Older adult (after


retirement)

Ego integrity versus


despair

Have I lived a full


life or have I failed?

Vygotsky socio-cultural
theory
Cognitive skills begin as asocial interactions
between the child and a more able other
A childs learning is guided by an adult or other
skilled individuals, who models and structures the
childs learning experience
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Difference in performance level between the
childrens independent and collaborative work

children;s private speech


Vygotskys view on make-believe play

Vygotsky and educaion


Reciprocal teaching
Cooperative learning

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