Introduction to Motivation

and Emotion

Chapter 1.

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Course Information

Course PSY 418

Instructor: Dr. Steven I. Dworkin
Email: dworkins@uncw.edu
Office: SBS 105 F
Office Hours: Friday 10:30-12:00 or by Appointment
Home Page: http://people.uncw.edu/dworkins/sid.htm
Office Phone: UNCW 910-962-7378
Duke 919-681-4828

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Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.

Motivation
What is motivation?
Why are you here in this classroom
Why are you enrolled in this course?
Why are you attending UNCW?
Why are we here?????

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Conceptualizing and Measuring

Motivation
Concept of Motivation

Forces acting on or within an organism to

initiate and direct behavior

Strength - Intensity
Persistence Resistance to Change

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Measurement of Motivation
Motivation is inferred from behavior

An intervening variable

Links a stimulus and response

Can have more than one value
Can be influenced by a number of different
manipulations

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Characteristics of Motivation
Activation production of behavior
Persistence alternatives
Direction directionality

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Categories of Analysis
Nomothetic-----------Idiographic
Innate------------------Acquired
Internal (needs)-------External (goals)
Mechanistic------------Cognitive

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Levels of Analysis
Physiological Analysis
Individual Analysis
Social Analysis
Philosophical Analysis

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Activation of Motivation
Survival (Darwin)
Homeostasis set point
Hedonism pain and pleasure
Growth test and improve our capacities

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Philosophical Antecedents
Aristotle

Sole is free, mind is blank

Descartes

Dualism (sole or will and instinct)

Locke

Sensation Perception
Reflection

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Motivation
Why are you here?
Define motivation?
Difference between motives and incentives?
Different sources of motivation?
Is motivation reflected in behavior
What is emotion?
What is the purpose of emotion?

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I. Meaning of Motivation
A. To be Moved into Action

Motivated: to be moved to behavior.

Motive: internal disposition to be moved.
Incentive: environmental stimulus that induces behavior.

1. Involuntary versus Voluntary Behavior

stimulus.

2. Energy for Behavior

behavior.

Involuntary behavior depends on a stimulus for its occurrence.

Voluntary behavior occurs independent of environmental

Potential energy is stored in the body in order to energize

Kinetic energy is released energy that powers behavior.

3. An Analogy for Motivation

Drawn bow: motive and potential energy.
Target: incentive for archer to shoot arrow.

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I. Meaning of Motivation
B. Knowledge, Competence, and Motivation

Knowledge: how to perform behavior.

Competence: capable of doing the behavior.
Motivation: impetus or reason for behavior.

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I. Meaning of Motivation
C. Determinism versus Free Will and Free Act
1. Free Acts versus Determined Acts
Free act: behavior occurs independent of motive.
Determined act: motive caused the behavior.
2. Free Will versus Determined Will
Free will: freely select your wants or motives.
Determined will: your wants or motives result from
past history.
3. Motivation for a Hunger Strike
IRA members chose to go without food in order to
achieve goal of political prisoner status.

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Decision Time
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II. Sources of Motivation

A. Internal Sources of Motivation
Source: origin of stimuli or events that motivate behavior.

1. Evolutionary History

2. Personal History

Person's individual experiences since birth.

Law of hedonic contrast: degree of pleasantness of a stimulus
depends on its comparison with prior similar stimuli.

3. Physiological and Neurological Counterpart

Millions of years of natural/sexual selection shape human nature.

Reductionism: findings in one science related to principles in a

more basic science.

4. Psychological variables

Psychological needs and personality traits.

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II. Sources of Motivation

B. Environmental Origins of Motivation

Incentives and goals

C. Interaction between Internal and Environmental Origins
Internal sources (e.g., hunger, curiosity) interact with
external sources (e.g., food, novel stimuli) to motivate
behavior.
D. Motivation Sequence
Choice: select motive to satisfy or incentive to attain.
Instrumental behavior: satisfies the motive or attains the
incentive.
Consummatory behavior: end of sequence; interact with
incentive, achieve satisfaction.

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Progress Diagram
Choice
Choice

Selection of
Motive or
Incentive

Instrumental
Instrumental
Behavior
Behavior

Consequence
Consequence

Duration,
frequency,
intensity

Properties of
goal
Consummatory
Behavior
Subjective
Feelings

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II. Sources of Motivation

E. Emotions

To "move out"; a readiness to act consistent

with emotion.

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III. Study of Motivation and

Emotion
*Research problem dictates experimental or

correlational research.
A. Research in Motivation

1. Experimental versus Correlational Research

Experimental variable: values are determined by
researcher.
Correlational variable: values are selected by the
researcher.
Dependent variable: behavior depends on above
variables.

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III. Study of Motivation and

Emotion
2. Feasibility and Ethics

Feasibility and ethics determine type of

research.

3. Research in a Natural Setting

Investigate severe conditions, e.g., voluntary

starvation.

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III. Study of Motivation and

Emotion
B. Research in Emotion
Mood induction techniques, music, and
movies.
Negative and positive emotions to September
11th terrorist attack.
C. Sources and Scope of Motivation

Biological, psychological, environmental,

cognitive, and emotions are all variables that
contribute to motivation.

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experimenter reads the following

instructions:

I am going to pick one of you at random to be the proposer and the other to be

the responder. To the proposer, I will give 100 imaginary dollars but please try to
imagine them as real. Proposer, it is your job to divide the dollars between you
and this other person. You may divide the dollars in any way you wish. For
example, 80 dollars for you and 20 for the responder, 50 dollars for you and 50
dollars for the responder, or 90 dollars for you and 10 dollars for the responder.
After the proposer has made his/her proposal, the responder must decide if she
or he is willing to accept the division of dollars. If the responder accepts, then the
100 dollars will be divided between you as proposed. However, if the responder
rejects the proposal, then neither one of you gets any money. There isto be no
discussion, bartering, negotiating, or any verbal communication whatsoever
between you. The proposer makes one offer and the Responder accepts or
rejects it...period. Remember, if the responder accepts, the money is split. If the
Responder rejects, then neither of you receives any money. Please try hard to
pretend that this experiment involves actual real dollars. Any questions?

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 The proposer writes his/her offer on a sheet of paper

and hands it to the responder, who then writes his/her

reply.
Proposers offer: _____ dollars for me; _____ dollars
for you. (must sum to 100 dollars)
Responders decision: accept_____ reject_____
Results: Tally the results for the class and record the

results in table like the one below.

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Amount of Money for Proposer

0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ultimatum Game
Purpose: To investigate how various sources

of motivation affect decision-making.

Materials: The demonstration involves the
use of one hundred imaginary dollars
although otheramounts could be employed.
Procedure: Students group into threes:
proposer, responder, and experimenter.

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 Purpose: The purpose of this thought experiment is to discover how

much control individuals have over their motives (their will) and over
their acts (behaviors).
Procedure: Pose the following questions and discuss the answers in
class.

Let us assume that you really like chocolate. Which do you like more: a

piece of celery or a piece of delicious chocolate? Do you have free will,

i.e., freely acquire this liking for chocolate? Do you have a determined
will, i.e., your liking for chocolate resulted from prior experience or from
an innate preference? Could you rid your self of your will, i.e., of your
liking for chocolate? If so how?

What would you eat: celery or chocolate? Was eating determined by

your liking? A "yes implies determined act. The feeling that you could
have done otherwise implies free act. But is the feeling "I could have
done otherwise" really free or is it determined by some alternative
motive?

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Chapter Check
1. Compare and contrast the definition of motivation and of

emotion.
2. Must internal sources and external sources be
complementary in order for motivation to occur? For example, is
it possible to motivate a person with food if she is not hungry or
with food she does not like? Is it possible to motivate a student
with a grade of A, if a student does not value a grade of A any
more than a C?
3. In what type of social settings might an individual observe the
following emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and
disgust?

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