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FREQUENCY AND
CAPACITY PLANNING

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GSM FREQUENCY BAND

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GSM CHANNEL NUMBERING


GSM900
GSM900:

FU(n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz


FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz 1 n 124

E-GSM900

124 Channels
FU(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024)
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz 974 n 1023

49 Channels
n = Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN)

GSM1800
Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz
FD(n) = Fl(n) + 95 MHz 512 n 885
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374
channels
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FREQUENCY RE-USE

Frequency reuse is referred to as the same


frequency is reused after a certain distance in
cellular wireless system. Generally, a limited
frequency band is divided into many groups, each
containing a few carriers, which are in turn assigned
to adjacent cells.

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FREQUENCY RE-USE

Basic Concept:
Frequency Reuse Cluster
Frequency Reuse Factor
Frequency Reuse Distance
C/I and C/A

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FREQUENCY RE-USE DISTANCE


The following equation is used
frequency reuse distance:
D= 3N * R

to

estimate

D frequency reuse distance


R cell radius
N - frequency reuse factor. N=9 for 3 3
N=12 for 4 3
For 3/9 frequency reuse, D=5.2R
For 4/12 frequency reuse, D=6R
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DEFINITION OF C/I AND C/A


Co-channel Interference C/I
C/I refers to the interference of another cell
using the same frequency to the current cell. The
ratio of carrier to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent cell to
the current cell. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.
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CALCULATION OF C/I
Pown _ cell
C
6
I
Pi _ BCCH
1

Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;


Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.

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Frequency Reuse
Ordinary frequency reuse: 43, 33 and more
close 26 and 13.
MRP: different layers adopt different frequency reuse
patterns.
Concentric: the Underlay and Overlay adopt different
frequency reuse patterns respectively.

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4 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN


D3
C1

A1
A2

C3
A1

A3
B1

B2
D2

C2
D1
D2
B3

A1

C3
B2
D3
C1

C2

B1

C1

B3
A1

A2
C3

D2

A3
B1

C3

C2
D1
D2
A1

D3

4 3 frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 12 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 4 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

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3 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN


B3
C1

A1
A2

C3
A1

A3
B1

B2
A3

B2
C1
C2
B3

C1

B3
A2
C3
A1

A2

A1

C1

A3
B1

B2
A3

B2

B3
C1

C3

C2
A1
A2
A1

A3

3 3 frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 9 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 3 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

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3 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN

TRX

A1

B1

C1

A2

B2

C2

A3

B3

C3

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

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MRP

Its unreasonable to adopts idealized and regular frequency


reuse pattern indiscriminately, which will cause low frequency
utilization rate and difficult to ensure the C/I requirement.

Multiple frequency Reuse Pattern (MRP) is an irregular and


dynamic frequency reuse mode designed according to GSM
features.

That is, dividing frequency band into different combinations,


each combination adopting different frequency reuse pattern.
Each carrier of a cell may adopts different frequency reuse
pattern.

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MRP

Bandwidth=6 MHz
BCCH FRF=12
TCH1 FRF=9
TCH2
FRF=6 For Microcell
FRF:Frequency Reuse Factor

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MRP Characters
Increase network capacity greatly and decrease average
frequency reuse factor to 8, thus increasing frequency
reuse efficiency greatly.
Flexible channel allocation. Different frequency reuse
pattern may be adopted step by step according to capacity
requirement.
Some carriers can be released for micro-cells.
Should combine with FH, DPC and DTX to lower
interference.
Especially for sites distributed unevenly.

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Concentric

2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2

2 2
2
2 2
2

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Concentric
The principle of ordinary concentric is that a cell is divided
into underlay and overlay,
The coverage of Underlay is the same as that of ordinary
cell, while the Overlay use small transmitting power and
thus has smaller coverage.
The frequency reuse factor of overlay differs from that of
underlay.
The BCCH and SDCCH are used by Underlay, in which the
call will be set up.
A brand new switching algorithm should be added.
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Concentric
The absorbing of traffic by overlay is limited by traffic layout and coverage. It will increase the capacity by 10-30%
and is related to traffic distribution.
The overlay is more suitable for outdoor traffic concentrated
in the vicinity of BTSs because of its smaller transmitting
power.
On the condition that the network quality will not be
affected, a closer frequency reuse pattern should be
adopted. At the same time, DPC and DTX technology
should be adopted to ensure network quality.

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C/I-based Concentric IUO

2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2

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IUO (intelligent underlay overlay)


IUO has the same network structure as ordinary
concentric, consisting of Overlay and Underlay.
In general, the two layers share the same site and
antenna. Similar to ordinary cell, the Underlay adopts 4*3
frequency reuse pattern, while the Overlay adopts closer
pattern.
Same like ordinary concentric, the control channel
functions within Underlay where calls are established.

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IUO
Different from ordinary concentric, the Underlay and
Overlay of IUO both use the same transmitting power.
Because the Overlay adopts closer frequency reuse
pattern, the chances of co-channel and adjacent channel
interference increase.
IUO adopts a handover algorithm based on C/I to solve this
problem.
It functions as follows: the call is established within
Underlay, the BSC continuously monitor the downward C/I
in Overlay. When C/I reaches applicable threshold, the call
will be handed over to Overlay. At the same time, the C/I is
monitored continuously and the call will be handed over to
Underlay if it deteriorates to inapplicable threshold.
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IUO
The implementation of IUO is easy. Little modification is
needed and no special requirement to MSs.
Because of adopting special algorithm on handing over,
measurement and estimation on C/I, the speech quality
can be guaranteed while increasing the system capacity.
Because both Underlay and Overlay have the same
transmitting power, its very suitable for absorbing traffic
inside building which has a strong isolation capability to
radio signal.

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Capacity of C/I Based Concentric


Technology
Capacity comparison with 4x3pattern
Grade of Service (GOS) 2 %
Per subscriber traffic at busy hour 0.03 Erl
Bandwidth: 6M
Overlay adopts 4x3 pattern
Underlay 1x3
Underlay 2x3
Underlay 3x3
Standard 4X3
0

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500

1000

2TRXs Overlay

1500 2000

2500 3000

1TRXs Overlay

3500 4000

All overlay

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4500

Subsc./bts

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ZTE University
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