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ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)

A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No


mass can cross a system boundary.
A control volume is a region in space chosen for study.
Mass can cross a control surface.
The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of
mass, energy, and momentum) apply directly to systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control
volume analysis is preferred over system analysis
Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws
from a system to a control volume. This is accomplished
with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Average Velocity and Volume Flow Rate


Vavg

1
Vn dAc

Ac Ac

m& Vavg Ac

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Mass and Volume Flow Rates


m& m Vn dAc
Ac

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Ac

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)


General RTT, nonfixed CV (integral analysis):

r r

b dV CS bV gndA
CV
dt
t

dBsys

Mass Momentum
B, Extensive properties

b, Intensive properties

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r
mV
r
V

Energy
E
e

Angular
momentum
r
H
r r
r V

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Conservation of Mass Principle

r r

b dV CS bV gndA
CV
dt
t

dBsys

r r
d
dV V gn dA 0

dt CV
CS

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

SteadyFlow Processes

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Newtons Laws
Newtons laws are relations between motions of bodies
and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion
remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when
the net force acting on it is zero.
Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the
net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body, the


second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Choosing a Control Volume


Selection of CV can either simplify or
complicate analysis.
Fixed, moving, and deforming control
volumes: for mass flow calculation use
relative velocity
;
but use absolute velocity for Newtons Law!

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Forces Acting on a CV
Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act
throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
act on the control surface (such as pressure and viscous
forces, and reaction forces at points of contact).
Body forces act on each
volumetric portion dV of the CV.
Surface forces act on each
portion dA of the CS.

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Body Forces
The most common body force
is gravity, which exerts a
downward force on every
differential element of the CV
The different body force
Typical convention is that
acts in the negative z-direction,
Total body force acting on CV

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Surface Forces
Surface forces are not as simple to
analyze since they include both normal
and tangential components
Diagonal components xx, yyzz are
called normal stresses and are due to
pressure and viscous stresses
Off-diagonal components xy, xz etc.,
are called shear stresses and are due
solely to viscous stresses
Total surface force acting on CS

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Linear Momentum Equation


Newtons second law for a system:

Use RTT with b = V and B = mV:

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Special Cases
Steady Flow
Average velocities
Approximate momentum flow rate
To account for error, use momentum-flux
correction factor

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
For the elbow duct SAE30 oil at 20C (specific weight is 8720 N/m3)
enters section 1 at 350 N/s where the flow is laminar, and exits at
section 2 where trhe flow is turbulent: u1=Vmax1(1-(r/R1)^2),
u2=Vmax2(1-(r/R2)^(1/7). Assuming steady incompressible flow,
compute the force and its direction of the oil on the elbow due to
momentum change only (no pressure changes or friction effects).
D1=10 cm; D2=6 cm; angle=30.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
Gravel is dumped from a hopper at a rate of 650 N/s, onto a moving
belt, as in Fig. The gravel then passes off the end of the belt. The
drive wheels are 80 cm in diameter and rotate clockwise at 150
r/min. Neglecting system friction and air drag, estimate the power
required to drive this belt.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Angular Momentum
Motion of a rigid body can be considered to be the
combination of
the translational motion of its center of mass (Ux, Uy, Uz)
the rotational motion about its center of mass (x, y, z)

Translational motion can be analyzed with linear


momentum equation.
Rotational motion is analyzed with angular momentum
equation.
Together, the body motion can be described as a 6
degreeoffreedom (6DOF) system.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Review of Rotational Motion


Angular velocity is the
angular distance
traveled per unit time, and
angular acceleration is
the rate of change of
angular velocity.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Review of Angular Momentum


Moment of a force:
Moment of momentum:
For a system:

Therefore, the angular momentum equation can


be written as:
To derive angular momentum for a CV, use RTT
with
and
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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Angular Momentum Equation for a CV


General form
Approximate form using average
properties at inlets and outlets
Steady flow

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
The horizontal lawn sprinkler in Fig has a water flow rate
of 4.0 gal/min introduced vertically through the center.
Estimate (a) the retarding torque required to keep the
arms from rotating and (b) the rotation rate (r/min) if
there is no retarding torque.
d = in

R = 6 in

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during
incompressible flow

emech

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P2 P1 V V

g z2 z1

2
2
2

21

2
1

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

General Energy Equation


Recall general RTT

r r
d
bdV b Vr gn dA
CS
dt
dt CV

dBsys

Derive energy equation using B=E and b=e

dEsys
dt

Q&net ,in W&net ,in

r r
d
edV e Vr gn dA
CS
dt CV

Break power into rate of shaft and pressure work

W&net ,in W&shaft ,net ,in W&pressure ,net ,in


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r r
W&shaft ,net ,in P V gn dA

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

General Energy Equation


Where does expression for pressure work
come from?
When piston moves down ds under the
influence of F=PA, the work done on the
system is Wboundary=PAds.
If we divide both sides by dt, we have
ds
W&pressure W&boundary PA PAV piston
dt

For generalized control volumes:

r r
&
W pressure PdAVn PdA V n

Note rsign conventions:

n is outward pointing normal


Negative sign ensures that work done is
positive when is done on the system.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

General Energy Equation


Moving integral for rate of pressure work
to RHS of energy equation results in:
Qnet ,in Wshaft ,net ,in

r r

d
P
&

edV
e e Vr n dA

dt CV

CS

Recall that P/ is the flow work, which is


the work associated with pushing a fluid
into or out of a CV per unit mass.
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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

General Energy Equation


As with the mass equation, practical analysis is
often facilitated as averages across inlets and
exits
Qnet ,in Wshaft ,net ,in
m

r r
V n dAc

AC

P
d
& m& P e m
&

edV

dt CV

out
in

Since e=u+ke+pe = u+V2/2+gz


Qnet ,in Wshaft ,net ,in

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2
2

d
P
V
P
V
& m& u
&

edV

gz

gz

dt CV
2

2
out
in

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Energy Analysis of Steady Flows


Qnet ,in Wshaft ,net ,in

V2
V2
m& h
gz m& h
gz
2
2
out
in

For steady flow, time rate of change of the


energy content of the CV is zero.
This equation states: the net rate of energy
transfer to a CV by heat and work transfers
during steady flow is equal to the difference
between the rates of outgoing and incoming
energy flows with mass.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Energy Analysis of Steady Flows


For single-stream
devices, mass flow rate
is constant.
V22 V12
qnet ,in wshaft ,net ,in h2 h1
g z2 z1
2
P1 V12
P2 V22
wshaft ,net ,in
gz1

gz2 u2 u1 qnet ,in


1 2
2 2
P1 V12
P2 V22

gz1 wpump

gz2 wturbine emech ,loss


1 2
2 2

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Energy Analysis of Steady Flows


Divide by g to get each term in units of length

P1 V12
P2 V22

z1 hpump

z2 hturbine hL
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g
Magnitude of each term is now expressed as an
equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., Head

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

The Bernoulli Equation


If we neglect piping losses, and have a system without
pumps or turbines

P1 V12
P2 V22

z1

z2
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g
This is the Bernoulli equation
It can also be derived using Newton's second law of
motion (see Cengel text, p. 187).
3 terms correspond to: Static, dynamic, and hydrostatic
head (or pressure).
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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

HGL and EGL


It is often convenient
to plot mechanical
energy graphically
using heights.
Hydraulic Grade Line

P
HGL
z
g
Energy Grade Line
(or total energy)

P V2
EGL

z
g 2g

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

The Bernoulli Equation


The Bernoulli equation
is an approximate relation
between pressure,
velocity, and elevation
and is valid in regions of
steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional
forces are negligible.
Equation is useful in flow
regions outside of
boundary layers and
wakes.
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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

The Bernoulli Equation


Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation
Steady flow: d/dt = 0
Frictionless flow
No shaft work: wpump=wturbine=0
Incompressible flow: = constant
No heat transfer: qnet,in=0
Applied along a streamline (except for irrotational
flow)

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
When the pump in Fig. draws 220 m3/h of water at 20C from the reservoir, the total
friction head loss is 5 m. The flow discharges through a nozzle to the atmosphere.
Estimate the pump power in kW delivered to the water.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
Bernoullis 1738 treatise Hydrodynamica contains many excellent sketches of flow
patterns. One, however, redrawn here as Fig., seems physically misleading. What is
wrong with the drawing?

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem
In the spillway flow of Fig., the flow is assumed uniform
and hydrostatic at sections 1 and 2. If losses are
neglected, compute (a) V2 and (b) the force per unit width
of the water on the spillway.

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Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

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