Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn

tp ch quc t (4)
Radiotechnology

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng
ting Anh

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Patients with cutaneous lymphoma
have lesions around their total skin area, making treatment with surgical
operation impossible and chemotherapy or radiation therapy as the only
viable options. Radiation therapy can alleviate the condition of skin
scratches. The most effective radiation therapy is the Standford of six dual
fields.
Vn nghin cu However, this treatment requires a relatively long
distance away from the patient in the treatment room so that the patients
body can be covered.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu Consequently,
the source-to-surface distance must be set to 415cm, i.e. longer than other
hospital department uses, with electron beams having an energy range of 4
to 9 MeV. A hospital without a large treatment room would find such
treatment impossible to perform.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu For clinical considerations, this
must be spread around to the dose distribution and decrease the SSD to
less than 300cm.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should examine the feasibility
of adopting total skin electron beam irradiation (TESI) to treat patients with
pruritus skin cancer by attempting to improve the dose distribution and
decrease the SSD to less than 300 cm through variation of the dosage level, as
achieved by electron energy, the scattering material, proximity of patient to the
electron beam and variation in treatment angle.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, uniform dose
distribution and reduced photon dose for patients can be achieved under the
following conditions: a range of 4 MeV 12 MeV of electron energy, a distance
of 3 5 meters between the patient receiving treatment and the electron beam,
and a range of 15 20 degrees in treatment angle. The scattering material can
comprise acrylic, wire netting and plastic material. Finally, the dose distribution
can be measured under various conditions.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analytical results can demonstrate the
effectiveness of adopting TESI to treat patients with pruritus skin cancer.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin The results of this study can
provide a valuable reference when treating patients with pruritus skin cancer.

V d 2: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Industrial Technology Research Institute
(ITRI) of Taiwan has been exploring the feasibility of using natural radioactive
material in clothing to preserve warmth and comfort, with tentative plans to
manufacture such clothing with radioactivity material in the near future.
Vn nghin cu However, neither a comprehensive verification system
nor standards have been established for this method owing to its novel
technological application, possibly leading to damage to the human body from
the radiation spontaneously irradiated by natural radioactivity nuclei despite the
original intention of producing warmth.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu Owing to their
varying characteristics, cells have different radiation dose acceptance levels.
For instance, while some cells, e.g., completed division cells, can receive a
radiation dose of 20Gy to induce certain biological effects, others, e.g.,
uncompleted division cells, can not receive a radiation dose exceeding 5Gy.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to ensure that humans
would not incur radiation harm from such an application in clothing
manufacturing would neglect the potential of adopting natural radioactive
material to sustain body warmth and comfort in apparel wear.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should design a comprehensive verification
system for a novel radiation dose-based method developed at Industrial Technology
Research Institute (ITRI) to enhance the warmth and comfort of clothing through radiation
irradiated by natural radioactive materials.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, the radiation dose in clothing
containing natural radioactive materials can be measured. The radiation dose in the clothing
can then be calculated and simulated using Monte Carlo software. Next, a correlation of the
results can be made using the two steps of radiation dose calculation. By using Monte Carlo
software, both the actual radiation dose measurements and the validity of the actual human
measurements can be verified. After the validity of actual measurements is confirmed, the
steps of dose measurement can be constructed. The entire verification standard can be
established as well.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, according to the proposed verification system the average
human radiation dose adopted from nature and article radiation can be 1.62 mSv/y. Under 5
cGy, although the radiation dose does not have any the biological effect, it causes a slight
blood change when the radiation dose exceeds 15 cGy. Therefore, adequate control should
be made of the radiation dose irradiated from the clothing containing radioactive material;
safety must also be ensured when warming the clothing.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results of this study can contribute to
ongoing efforts to establish a radiation dose measurement process and standard, thus
ensuring safety when warm and comfortable clothing are worn.

V d 3: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Ranking first globally among major
causes of fatality, cancer also causes the immunity of patients to become
resistant to therapeutic drugs. Restated, as cancer cells develop a
tolerance towards chemotherapy, multi-drug resistance forms in tumor cells.
Vn nghin cu While multi-drug resistance to chemotherapy poses a
major obstacle in treating cancer patients, the lack of alternative methods to
aggravate medicine dosage or radiotherapy or excise the part organ makes
it impossible to resolve this dilemma.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu While
conventional treatment terminates multi-drug resistance of tumor cells by
aggravating the medicine dosage, doing so can seriously injure normal
cells in the human body following radiotherapy and excising of organs.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to enhance the
effectiveness of conventional therapeutic treatment methods makes it
impossible to over drug resistance in tumor cells, creating an adverse
impact towards the metastasis of these cells.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should examine the
feasibility of using alternative chemotherapy medicine or nontherapeutic chemistry methods after the cancer cell becomes drug
resistant to chemotherapy medicine of a regular dosage. Cancer
patients receiving therapeutic treatment of only a single medicine can
avoid aggravating dosages used in conventional methods to cope with
the drug resistance of cancer cells, thus preventing injury to normal
cells in the human body.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, the
resistance of cancer cells towards an anticancer drug attempting to
terminating tumor cells in vitro can be identified. The resistant cancer
cells of the anticancer drug can then be isolated. Once isolated, drug
resistant cancer cells can then be terminated using alternative
chemotherapy medicine. Next, non-medication methods such a high
temperature, high pressure or radioactive rays can be used to either
terminate cancer cells or block the transformation leading to cancer cell
apotosis.

V d 3 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, these alternative
approaches to chemotherapy can alleviate patients from
receiving high dosage levels of chemotherapy medicine.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results
of this study can contribute to efforts to provide a viable
alternative for cancer patients unable to fully recover
following chemotherapy, especially given the resistance of
cancer cells towards such medication. With respect to
clinical and therapeutic outcomes, the alternative
approaches presented herein can terminate cancer cells
without the high dosage of chemotherapy medicine.

V d 4: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Developed by Professor Rossi for
microdosimetric investigation of radiation in 1960, a dosimetric method based
on a low pressure tissue equivalent proportional counter has been extensively
adopted in radiation dosimetry. According to the International Commission on
Radiation Units and Measurements, microdosimetric parameters consist of
energy deposited, specific energy and energy imparted. This counter is a
spherical chamber with a tissue equivalent wall and filled with tissue equivalent
gas. As the principal instrument of microdosimetry based on the Bragg-Gray
cavity principle, this gas-filled counter determines the dose and dose equivalent
to small volumes of human tissue when high energy radiation is behind the
shielding of high energy accelerator and spacecraft.
Vn nghin cu A linear accelerator can accelerate electrons to generate
high energy electrons or x-ray with different energy regions, thus producing a
photonuclear reaction when the energy exceeds 10 MeV. This reaction
subsequently emits neutrons. When human tissue is irradiated by the
bremmsstrahlung photon, as created in a linear accelerator, the patient receives
a significant dose of photo-produced neutrons. However, the tissue equivalent
proportional counter for a linear accelerator with one or more products and
neutrons of microdosimetry has not been investigated experimentally.

V d 4 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu Additionally,
the neutron response of a tissue equivalent proportional counter
depends on the atomic composition of gas in a neutron energy region
below 300 keV. The neutron response depends on the atomic
composition of the counter for neutrons above 300 keV. While the
regular spherical shape of the counter was selected so that its response
would be more or less independent of the direction from which the
radiation emits, the spherical shape is a challenging task for design
purposes.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Neutron response depends
on construction of the tissue equivalent proportional counter and atomic
composition of materials used in a counter design. Therefore, given
various radiation types, measurement methods and angles for the linear
accelerator, enhancing the counter design and materials is problematic.
Moreover, measuring the equivalent dose of high energy neutrons is
problematic for radiation protection dosimetry and microdosimetry owing
to the lack of standard devices for investigating the mixed radiation field.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should design a spherical
or right cylindrical tissue equivalent proportional counter to measure all
particles composed of thermal neutrons, fast neutrons, high energy charge
particles and photons for a high energy linear accelerator. Additionally, the
energy deposited in volumes resembling critical tissue components such as
cells or cell nuclei can be determined using such a microdosimeter.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, given that
microdosimetry involves studying single-event deposition at microscopic
sites of a tissue, the detector geometry can be selected to design a tissue
equivalent proportional counter. The spherical cavity generally tends to be
cylinder based owing to that the sphere is not only volume with isotropic
response, but also has the lowest relative variance of chord lengths. The
wall of such a counter can then be made of a tissue equivalent to A-150
plastic, which is a mixture of calcium fluoride, polyethylene, nylon and
carbon. Next, the gas filling can be selected to influence the gas gain and
counting characteristics. In general, the tissue equivalent gases based on
methane and propane are both available commercially.

V d 4 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate the
feasibility of fabricating anequivalent proportional counter for the
spherical tissue that conforms to the chord length distribution and
mean chord length standard described by Professor Kellerer when
measuring the mixed radiation field for a high energy linear accelerator,
especially in neutron dose. If desired, the linear energy deposited in
small tissue can be determined using such a microdosimeter.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin A neutron dose
equivalent meter based on a tissue equivalent proportional counter is
highly promising for a variety of radiation fields of a high energy linear
accelerator. Such a counter can be used as a reference meter in
various neutron fields for routine microdosimeters. Moreover, using
this counter with another simple dosimeter may reduce systematic
measurement errors of dose equivalent in a mixed radiation field.

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

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