Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
1

A basic requirement in reinforced concrete :

* There is a bond between reinforcement and
the surrounding concrete.

* No slip of the steel bar relative to its

surrounding concrete under service load.
* Bars should be anchored by embedment
beyond the point where the loading causing
maximum tension, in a distance adequate to
develop the full tensile capacity of the bar.

Anchorage bond in tension bars

w
B

L1
u
A

The moment capacity of a beam

is also depending on
the embedment lengths of
steel bars in both directions.

L2

L1
B

db2
T = fs
4

Segment A-B :

L2

db2
u db L1 = fs
4

(1)

Thus the development length Ld required for the anchoring of bars acting
at yield stress is :
f y db
Development length Ld =
4 uu
(2)

Where :
uu = ultimate bond stress capacity over
the nominal surface area db L1
db = diameter of bar
fy = yield stress of bar
3

As moment varies along a span, the

tensile force in the steel also varies;
this induces a longitudinal interaction
between the bars and the surrounding
concrete, known as flexural bond.

D D
B

TD
D

dz

dz
TD
D

Flexural bond in a tension bar

The bending moment MD equals the

internal forces C and T times the moment
arm between them, thus :
MD
MD
TD =
and TD =
arm
arm

From horizontal force equilibrium : u db dz = TD - TD.

Substituting both equations gives :
MD - M D
1
dM
1
V
u =
=
=

d
(arm)
dz

d
(arm)
db (arm)
dz
b
b
4

Plain Bar
* Relatively smooth bars was thought of as an adhesion between
concrete paste and the surface of the bar. In fact, even with low
tensile stress there would be sufficient slippage to break the
adhesion immediately adjacent to a crack in the concrete.
* Shrinkage can also cause frictional drag against the bar.
Deformed Bar
* Were designed so that there would be less reliance on friction and
adhesion (though they still exist) and more reliance on the bearing
of the lugs against the concrete.
* Bond failure in normal weight concrete is nearly always a splitting failure.
5

Splitting Failure
Concrete splits into two or three segments due to the wedging action of
the lugs against the concrete.
Final splitting failure
Whole layer suddenly
splits after initial
horizontal splits at sides
First splitting V-notch failure

Side-split failure

Splitting cracks and ultimate splitting failure modes

(a) On bar

(b) On concrete

Forces between bar and concrete

(c) Components on
concrete

Air pockets

Note :
In beams with large cover, there may tend to be
air pockets at the underside of bars cast in the top
of beams. The lugs bearing against the concrete may
crush it and result in a pullout failure without splitting
the concrete.

* Because of the complex interrelationship between bond, shear and

moment, present design practice makes use of a large number of
experimental studies.
* In general, bond strength is directly proportional to fc and
inversely proportional to the bar diameter.

Concrete Cylinder Hypothesis for Splitting Failure

The action of splitting arises from a stress
condition to a concrete cylinder surrounding
a reinforcing bar and acted upon by the
outward radial components of the bearing
forces from the bar.
Cs
Failure plane

db

Cs

db

Cs

Cb > Cs
C = Cs

Cb

Side-split type of failure

(c) Components on
concrete

Cs1 db Cs2 Cs2 db Cs1

Cb

Cs1 > Cb,

Cs2 > Cb
C = Cb

If Cs is only slightly greater than Cb

secondary splitting will be side.
If Cs significantly greater than Cb
secondary splitting will be side and
through the bottom cover
8

1. Inability of the flexural bond stress equation to measure accurately bond

stress along tension reinforcement in a beam
2. Lack of correlation between localized slip from high flexural bond stress
and the strength of a beam as represented by splitting and
subsequent loss of anchorage of the tension bar.
Flexure
cracks
Actual fs
0

Calculated fs
(at crack)
Near max ultimate
bond stress

Provable bond stress between cracks

when beam shear is zero

A
2 bars
A

Section A-A
Ld
Ld

At point a, the location where

B
C
the fifth bar terminates, this
bar has zero embedment 4 bars
Point a 5 bars
length to the left and thus has
zero capacity. Proceeding to
B
C
CL of span
the right from point a, the bar
may be counted on to carry
a tensile force proportional
to its embedment from point a
Section B-B Section C-C
up to the development length
Ld
b
Ld, where :
a
f y db
M of 5 bars
Ld = 4 u
u
cap

Mcap of 4 bars

Mcap of 2 bars

Moment Capacity Diagram

Point b represents the point

where the fifth bar is anchored
a distance Ld and can there10
fore carry its full tensile capacity.

Uniformly distributed load

2 bars

4 bars

5 bars

d
Cross section
at midspan

CL of
support
Ld

Moment
capacity
diagram,
Mn

CL of span
Ld

Mcap of 5 bars (Mn)

Mcap of 4 bars (Mn)

A Theoretical cut-off point

d or 12 diam

Ld
C

Actual factored moment diagram, Mu (design moment)

Theoretical cut-off point

Mcap of 2 bars (Mn)

d or 12 diam
Mu is zero at centerline of simple support

Verification of bar cutoffs with the moment capacity diagram

11

Ldb

0.02 Ab . fy
fc

db 36 mm

db = 45 mm

db = 55 mm

0.06 db . fy
=
=

25 fy
fc
40 fy
fc

Ld = Ldb x modified factor

Where : Ldb
Ab
db
fy
fc

=
=
=
=
=

SNI 3.5.2.2)
basic development length (mm)
area of one bar (mm2)
diameter of bar (mm)
yield stress of steel (MPa)
concrete strength (MPa)

12

FACTORS TO MODIFY BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SNI 3.5.2.3)

MULTIPLIER
1.4
( 2 - 400 )
fy

CONDITION
Top bars; horizontal reinf

with more than 300 mm of
concrete cast beneath the bars

Aggregat-lightweight concrete

1.33

All-lightweight concrete

1.18

San-lightweight concrete

0.75

300 mm

Reinforcement with fy > 400 MPa

fc
1.8 fc

required As
provided As

In all cases :
Ld 300 mm
.. SNI 3.5.2.5)

Excess reinforcement is used for a flexural member

Bars enclosed within a spiral 5 mm and
with pitch 100 mm

13

Ldb

db fy
4 f c

0.04 db fy
SNI 3.5.3.2)

Ld = Ldb x modified factor

Where :
Ldb = basic development length (mm)
Ab = area of one bar (mm2)
db = diameter of bar (mm)
fy = yield stress of steel (MPa)
fc = concrete strength (MPa)

FACTORS TO MODIFY BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

MULTIPLIER
required As
provided As
0.75

CONDITION
Excess reinforcement is used for a flexural member
Bars enclosed within a spiral 5 mm and
with pitch 100 mm

In all cases :
Ld 200 mm
.. SNI 3.5.3.1)

14

db

db

Lhb =
12db straight
db

Critical section
where full tensile
capacity of bar is
available

4db
60 mm

4db for D10 - D25

5db for D28 - D30
6db for D > 35

Ldh
8db or 150 mm

100 db
fc

SNI 3.5.5.2)

Ldh = Lhb x modified factor

Where :
Ldb = basic development length (mm)
Ab = area of one bar (mm2)
db = diameter of bar (mm)
fy = yield stress of steel (MPa)
fc = concrete strength (MPa)

15

FACTORS TO MODIFY BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH SNI 3.5.5.3)

MULTIPLIER

CONDITION

fy
400

Reinforcement with fy other than 400 MPa

0.7

Concrete cover 60 mm (for 180 hook) or

Concrete cover 50 mm (for 90 hook)

required As
provided As
1.3

Excess reinforcement is used for a flexural member

Lightweight aggregate concrete

16

4 bars

C
1

2 bars, R1 cut here

Bars R1

Section 1-1

E
d or 12db (SNI 3.5.10.3))

Mn, bars R2

Mn, bars R1 + R2

Factored moment, Mu

Ld for R2
B

Horizontal distance CF 0
F
(horizontal distance CE Ld)
d or 12db (SNI 3.5.10.3))
Ld for R1

D
Face of support

Bars R2

2 bars, R2

Moment capacity diagram, Mn

Horizontal distance AD 0
(horizontal distance AC Ld)

17

CUTTING BARS IN THE TENSION ZONE

Since point C is still in the tension zone (though only slightly), stress concentration must
be checked.
One of the following three conditions must be satisfied at point C :
1. Vu [

2
3

Vn =

2
3

(Vc + Vs)] . SNI 3.5.10.5).(1)

d
2. The spacing of stirrups 8
b
. SNI 3.5.10.5).(2)

; where b is the ratio of area of longitudinal bars

cut off to the total area of bars at the section

3. For diameter
253 mm, the following may be satisfied at the cutoff point :
3
Vu [ 4 Vn = 4 (Vc + Vs)] and Mn 2 Mu . SNI 3.5.10.5).(3)
When it may be impractical or undesirable to satisfy the above provision , the cutoff point
may be extended until it is in the compression zone, or the bars may be bent across
into the opposite face of the beam and then continued or terminated.

18

2
2 bars, R4

4 bars

d or 12db
Hor. Dist. KH 0
(hor. Dist. JH Ld)
Ld for R4
K

Bars R3

Bars R4
2
Section 2-2
2 bars, R3 cut here
Ld for R3
Moment Capacity Diagram, Mn
I

Factored Moment, Mu
G
Moment Capacity, Mn, Bars R3 + R4
Moment Capacity, Mn, Bars R4

19

Bars R5

Mn, 2 bars R7

Mn, 4 bars R6 & R7

Mn, 6 bars R5, R6 & R7

Bars R7

6 bars

Bars R6

2 bars, R7

2 bars R5
cut here
3

2 bars R6
cut here

Ld for R6 bars

Section 3-3

12db or d
E

F
Ld for R7 bars

H
G

Factored Moment, Mu

D
B

Moment capacity diagram, Mn

Extra extension so full capacity is available at point C

12db or d

C Ld for R5 bars

20

For the cantilever beam shown below, determine the distance L1 from the support to the
point where 2D25 bars may be cut off. Assume the D12 stirrups shown (solid; not the
dashed ones) have been preliminarily designed. Draw the resulting moment capacity Mn diagram for the entire beam. Use fc = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

SOLUTION
(a) Compute the maximum moment capacity Mn of the section,
C = T 0.85 (20) a (400) = [ 3 (804) + 2 (491) ] 400
a = 200 mm
Mu = Mn = 0.8 {[ 3 (804) + 2 (491)] 400 [ 700 - (200)] }
= 652 kNm
(b) Determine the theoretical cutoff point for 2D25 bars. The moment
capacity Mn remaining with 3D32 bars is :
C = T 0.85 (20) a (400) = 3 (804) 400 a = 142 mm
Mu = Mn = 0.8 [ 3 (804) 400 [ 700 - (142)]
= 485 kNm

21

Plot on the factored moment Mu diagram and locate the theoretical cutoff point A.
Extend to the right 12d (of the D25 bars that are to be cut) or d, to arrive at point B.
Ldh = 270
7 @ 100
D12 stirrup

L1 = 1230

3 D32
2 D25
700

4 @ 125

400

3 @ 200

Mn = 485 kNm
with 3 D32

Mn = 652 kNm

2400 mm

403 kN

Factored Moment, Mu

12db or d (700 mm)

A

d = 700 mm ;
12db = 12 (25)
= 300 mm
d > 12 db

Ld = 1230 mm

Moment Capacity Diagram, Mn

Ldh = 270 mm
Extension to provide adequate capacity at support

196 kN

22

(c) Determine development length for D25 bars. The basic development length is obtained
by :
Ldb = 0.02 fy Ab / fc = 0.02 (400) ( 252) / 20 = 880 mm or
Ldb = 0.06 db fy = 0.06 (25) (400) = 600 mm
Ld = multiplied factor x Ldb = 1.4 (880) = 1230 mm
Since point B, the proposed cutoff point, lies only about 860 mm from the support,
the D25 bars would not have full capacity at the support. Thus extend the proposed
cutoff to point C which is located at Ld = 1230 mm (for D25) from the support.
(d) Check for cutting bars at point C in the tension zone. The shear strength, including
contribution of stirrups, is first computed.
1
6 f

1
6

bw d = 20 (400) (700) = 209 kN

A f d
2 ( 122) (400) (700)
s
200
Vs =
=
= 317 kN
Vc =

2
3

c
v y

Vn =

2
3

0.6 ( 209 + 317 ) = 210 kN > Vu (196 kN) .. OK

23

(e) The development length Ldh for the D32 hooked bar is the basic value Lhb.
100 db
Ldh = Lhb =
=
fc

100 (12)
20

= 270 mm > L hb min

Lhb min = 8db or 150 mm = 96 mm or 150 mm

24

Available embedment length :

La

Mn/Vu

Mn
La + 1.3
Ld
Vu

Ld

SNI 3.5.2.2)

Factored
Moment, Mu

Moment capacity of
bars at support, Mn
Vavg
x

Where :
Mn = nominal flexural strength of the
remaining bar
= As fy (d - a/2)
Vu = factored shear at the support
La = the straight embedment length
beyond the centerline of support
to the end of the bars

25

( 12db or d)
Actual La
Usable La

Mn/Vu

Available anchorage
must exceed Ld
Factored moment, Mu
A
Mn
Inflection point

Vu

Based on bars
which extend
past inflection
point

Available embedment length :

Actual La, but
not exceeding the
larger of 12db or d

Mn
+
Ld
Vu

26