ADULT EDUCATION

ADULT
EndEDUCATION
of the 1 war: Confined to night schools in
metropolitan cities.
st

19th century: rural libraries were set up

1937:
literacy & education has got included
among the responsibilities of govt.
1937-39:
A series of provincial mass literacy
campaigns launched.
1939
CAEB committee was appointed on the
problem of literacy.
1944Sargant committee was appointed
1952
1st five years plan the programme of social
education was introduced as part of the
community development programme.

1964-66: Kothari commission

provision of part time general & vocational

education to the younger adults
Use of mass media as a powerful tool of
environmental building for literacy.
Active role of voluntary organization at
state & district level.
1967-68 training & functional unit
farmers
1971- full time Directorate for Adult
education was appointed.

1975 -76 a functional literacy adult women

programme was started.
1978 National adult education was launched
at New Delhi.
1981-82 the above programme was
expanded.
1978-83
The Central Government has undertaken Rural
Functional Literacy Project in each district in every
State.
The size of each such project is up to 300 adult
education centers with an enrolment of 30 adults
in each centre.

It has 2 ongoing Schemes of Farmers

1. Functional Literacy Programme and
2. Non-formal Education for 15-35 age group.
1988 The National Literacy Mission came into being
on 5th May, 1988 to impart a new sense of urgency
and seriousness to adult education the national
literacy.

1995: The structure of the continuing

education programme, launched as a fully
funded centrally-sponsored scheme, will be
retained and further strengthened and
expanded in scope and content.
A continuing education center will be set up
for a population of 2,000-2,500 so that it
caters to the need of at least 500-1000 newliterates.
A nodal continuing education will be set up
for a cluster of 10-15 continuing education
centers.

Up to November, 2002,
587 districts out of 600 in the country
have already been covered under
the total literacy campaign of which
202 districts have entered the post
literacy phase and 187 in the
continuing education phase.

DEFINITION:
Adult education is instructional and
related support services for adults who are
not enrolled in secondary school; who lack
the educational foundation expected of a high
school graduate; and whose inability to
speak, read, and/or write the English
language effectively impairs their ability to
function on the job, in their family, and/or in
their society.

To achieve their goals and develop their

knowledge and potential, they are in need of
programs to help raise their level of education
and self-sufficiency.
Purposes for Adult Education:
Personal
growth
and
development:
individual self-actualization and wish to
promote individual growth.
Social improvement: gaining new knowledge
and skills to improve your personal or career
situation.

Organizational
effectiveness:
This
happens when an employer or another
type of organization (e.g., community
group, charity, etc.) sponsors learning
activities so that members, employees,
volunteers, etc. can reach organizational
goals.
Intellectual growth
Social transformation

Principles of Adult Education:

needs of the participants and make use of their

different experiences,

the participation of individual adults, groups and

communities in decision-making at all levels of the
learning process; including determination of needs,
curriculum development, program implementation
and evaluation

Use course activities that are practical and

problem centered,

Engage participants in the learning process

through an interactive approach,

Incorporate learners goals in the activities

Use discussion and group activities to help

create a supportive educational
environment,

Demonstrate practical applications of the

skills and knowledge gained,

Use logic and sequence of class activities

should reinforce lessons learned,
Demonstrate how the material and
concepts learned fit together as a
package,
Allow for self-appraisal opportunities, use
of skills learned, and evaluation/feedback
to the instructor.

Examples of Adult Education programs:

Adult basic education,
Literacy programs,
Adult secondary education (including high
school credit courses, and vocational training
for entry-level employment),
Life-coping skills,
Parenting skills,
Citizenship training for immigrants,
English as a second language,
Job-seeking skills,
Classes for public assistance recipients to
prepare them for employment

SOCIAL EDUCATION

DEFINITION: it is a course of study directed towards the

promotion of consciousness of citizenship among the
people at the promotion of social solidarity among
them.
It is not content with the introduction of literacy among
the grown up illiterates but aims at production of the
educated mind among the masses.

Social education is a regulated subject which

increases the capacity of the individual for
participating in collective works.

It is only through social education that the citizen can

increase his income with in his limited means and can
make his contribution in building of society.

Types of social education

Social education Consists of 3 main types:
(a)
provide literacy to illiterate adults.
(b)
develop an educated mind in the adolescent to
literary work.
(c)
acquaint people with rights and duties par timing
to citizenship

thus social education means the education of the

complete mean - it includes his physical, mental,
intellectual, moral, social. economic and cultural
development for establishing democracy on sound
looking in the country expansion of social
education is of paramount importance.

Aims of social education:

1.
Individual aims:
It deals with the individual development of an
adult in respect of his physical, mental,
political, economic and cultural development.
2. Social aims:
Man is a social animal he likes to live in
groups society is dependent upon the
desirable behaviors of an individual, it is
necessary to include all those things that are
connected with the growth, progress and
organization of society and ultimately the
desirable behavior of the individual.

Programme of social education

In a democratic setup for a developing a healthy

citizenship and to appoint
individuals with the
different facets of life it is of paramount importance
they are

1.

Spread of literacy
Cottage industries
Recreational activities
Health and hygiene

2.
3.
4.

1.

Spread of literacy:
The literacy programmes should not be
confined with the education of 3 Rs namely
reading, writing, and arithmetic
as a needs of the adults should be assigned
to mathematics, history, geography, civics,
religion and moral education general
knowledge, stories, autobiographic of great
personalities should be included in the
curriculum.
the activities like debate, seminars, talks
should also be organized in schools.

2. Cottage industries:
For an economic progress of the adults a
working knowledge of cottage industry is
essential
he can make use of his leisure time properly
in the activities like weaving, making of
ropes and mats etc.
3. Recreational activities:
They are like the use of radio, cinema, T.V.
computers, arranging for drama etc.

4. Health and hygiene:

Adult should be acquainted with the rules of
health and hygiene and
habituated to attempt to health of the
members of the family
health programmes, health camps may be
organized through health clubs.

Examination and its Reforms

System of examination is an important

component in the teaching learning
process.

Whatever the teacher does in the form of

examination is to be judged by the teacher
itself to know how the students have
achieved in the subject.
In the earlier day oral test was only the
source of testing the student achievement.

1905 written test was introduced in the

universities of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.
All commissions setup by the government of
India invariably suggest to reform the system
of examination

The issue in the examination reforms

1.

2.
3.

reform examinations that they help in

informing quality and standards of
education,
make examinations accurate and reliable.
reduce undue strain of examination.
ultimately
eliminate
the
public
examination of present type and replace
them by continuous and comprehensive
evaluation done by the student.

4. institute selection tests - for admission to

higher education and professional colleges.
5. replace marks by grades.
6. create a social climate against malpractices
in examination.
7. improve the questions by making them more
specific in terms of objectives content and
language.

8. bring about concomitant changes in the

curriculum text books, instructional materials and
methods.
In the system essay type question were
prevailing much they do not ensure the content
the quality of answers objectives etc.
therefore there was a felt need by the people to
change essay type test in terms of short answer
type, very short answer type and objective type.
These are required only very specific word, a few
relevant sentences to answer.
They ensure quality and relevancy in answering.

1.
2.
3.

4.

Therefore there is a great demand to change

questions in terms of the following.
It measures a single specific objective.
It supplies a significant content area.
It states subject matter in a correct and
accurate way.
It is well with in the comprehension of the
student.

5. It can attempted with in a reasonable length of

time.
6. It is worded in a clear, precise and simple
language.
7. It explores difficult words.
8. It is concise enough and avoids unnecessary
reading load.

There is a lot of thinking in reforming the system of

examination in terms of open book examination
system.

open book examination system:

the students have the freedom to refer
the test books, reference books and
other reading material to answer
question in the examination.

Objectives open book examinations are;

1.
To reduce considerably the emphasis laid on
memory.
2.
To make the examination more comprehensive in
nature.
3.
To inculcate regular study habits among students.
4.
To remove the fear psychosis among students and
to develop positive attitude towards examination.
5.
To develop competency and refer to good.
6.
To develop the capacity to present relevant
material in logical sequence.
7.
To develop the ability of self exploration and self
appreciation.

Question Bank:
Is a planned library of test items, pooled through the
cooperative efforts of the teachers.
It is inbuilt feed back mechanism for the
improvement of the question.
Questions from the question bank can be used by
the teacher to know the students achievement.
Question bank can be refined, modified in order to
keep it update information.
Students can know the mode of questions that are
set by the teachers which helps them to prepare for
the examination.
It is a predetermine set of questions to be prepared
and thorough for the examination. It leads to
mastery over the subjects.