Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design
Anand V P Gurumoorthy
Associate Professor
Chemical Engineering Division
School of Mechanical & Building Sciences
VIT University
[EDITED BY AFRAZ ]
Regenerative:
Direct contact:
Bell-Delaware method
Most widely used.
Takes into account:
Db
d 0
Nt
K1
1 / n1
Q UATm
where Q is the rate of heat transfer (duty),
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
A is the area for heat transfer
Tm is the mean temperature difference
We are not doing a mechanical design,
only a thermal design.
1
1
1
U 0 h0 hod
d0
d 0 ln
di
2k w
d0 1 d0 1
d i hid d i hi
LMTD
LMTD is given by:
(T1 t 2 ) (T2 t1 )
Tlm
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1
where T1 is the hot fluid temperature, inlet
T2 is the hot fluid temperature, outlet
t1 is the cold fluid temperature, inlet
t2 is the cold fluid temperature, outlet
Counter-current Flow
Temperature Proflies
T
m
t
lm
is the true temperature difference
Tm
Ft is the correction factor
Ft is related to two dimensionless ratios:
(T1 T2 )
R
(t 2 t1 )
(t 2 t1 )
S
(T1 t1 )
Temperature correction factor, one shell pass, two or more even tube
passes
Pressure Drop
As the process fluids move through the heat exchanger
there is associated pressure drop.
For liquids: viscosity < 1mNs/m2 35kN/m2
Viscosity 1 10 mNs/m2 50-70kN/m2
Nu C Re
Nu
hi d e
kf
0.8
Pr
0.33
u d
Re t e
0.14
Pr
Cp
kf
St E Re 0.205 Pr 0.505
h
St Nu
i
Re Pr
ut C p
For laminar flow (Re<2000):
Nu 1.86(Re Pr)
0.33
de
hi d i
0.33
jh Re Pr
kf
w
0.14
L
Pt N p 8 j f
di
u 2
t
2.5
2
Kerns method
Bells method
( pt d 0 ) Ds b
pt
us
Gs
pt2 d 02
4
4
de
d 0
pt
1 d 02
4
0.87 pt
2
2
4
de
d 0
2
Gs d e u s d e
Re
Nu
hs d e
jh Re Pr 1 / 3
kf
w
0.14
D s L u
by following
Psfriction
8 j f factor
where jf is the
given
chart.
d e B 2 w
2
s
(Figure 8 in notes)
(T1 T2 )
(t 2 t1 )
(t 2 t1 )
S
(T1 t1 )
(Figure 4 in notes)
Q UATm
Nt
K1
Db d 0
(Figure 2)
1 / n1
hi
(Figure 9 in notes)
( p t d 0 ) D s b
As
pt
pt
1 d 02
4 0.87 pt
2
2 4
de
d 0
2
(Table 3 in notes)
1
1
1
U 0 h0 hod
(Figure 10 in notes)
d0
di
d 0 ln
2k w
d0 1 d0 1
d i hid d i hi
L
Pt N p 8 j f
di
u 2
t
2.5
2
(Figure 12 in notes)
Ds
Ps 8 j f
de
L
B
2
s
0.14
Bells Method
In Bells method, the heat transfer coefficient and
pressure drop are estimated from correlations for flow
over ideal tube banks.
The effects of leakage, by-passing, and flow in the
window zone are allowed for by applying correction
factors.
hoc d 0
1/ 3
jh Re Pr
kf
w
0.14
' 0.18
c
Fn ( N )
Ab B ( Ds Db )
For the case of no sealing strips, Fb as a function of
Ab/As can be obtained from the following chart
2N s
A
b
Fb exp
1
As
N cv
1/ 3
Atb
0.8d 0
(Nt N w )
2
C s Ds
Asb
(2 b )
2
( Atb 2 Asb )
FL 1 L
A
L
u
Pi 8 j f N cv
2
2
s
0.14
Drop
2 N
A
1/ 3
Fb' exp b 1
As
N cv
A
L
'
L
'
L
Coefficient for FL
2
z
u z u wu s
uw is the velocity in the window zone
Ws
uw
Aw
Ws is the shell-side fluid mass flow
Nwv is number of restrictions for cross-flow in
window zone, approximately equal to the number
of tube rows.
( N wv N cv ) '
Pe Pi
Fb
N cv
Ps 2Pe ( N b 1)Pc N b Pw
Effect of Fouling
Above calculation assumes clean tubes
Condensers
Construction of a condenser is similar to other shell
and tube heat exchangers, but with a wider baffle
spacing
l B Ds
Four condenser configurations:
Horizontal, with condensation in the shell
Horizontal, with condensation in the tubes
Vertical, with condensation in the shell
Vertical, with condensation in the tubes
Dropwise condensation
Condensation Outside
Horizontal Tubes
L ( L v ) g
(hc )1 0.95k L
1/ 3
(hc ) N r (hc )1 N r
Condensation Outside
Horizontal Tubes
In practice, condensate will not flow smoothly from
tube to tube.
Kerns estimate of mean coefficient for a tube bundle
is given by:
1/ 3
( ) g
(hc )b 0.95k L L L v N r1/ 6
Wc
L h
h
LN t
L is the tube length
Wc is the total condensate flow
Nt is the total number of tubes in the bundle
Nr is the average number of tubes in a vertical tube
row
For low-viscosity condensates the correction for the
number of tube rows is generally ignored.
L ( L v ) g
(hc ) v 0.926k L
L v
Colburns Results
Boyko-Kruzhilin Correlation
A correlation for shear-controlled condensation in tubes; simple to use.
The correlation gives mean coefficient between two points at which vapor
quality, x, (mass fraction of vapour) is known.
(hc ) BK
L v
J11/ 2 J 21/ 2
hi
where
J
kL
hi 0.021
di
Re 0.8 Pr 0.43
( hc ) BK hi
L
2
For design of condensers with condensation inside the tubes and downward
vapor flow, coefficient should be evaluated using Colburns method and
Boyko-Kruzhilin correlation and the higher value selected.
1/ 2
v
1/ 4
Condensation Inside
Horizontal Tubes
When condensation occurs, the heat transfer coefficient at any
point along the tube will depend on the flow pattern at that
point.
L ( L v ) g
( hc ) s 0.76k L
L h
1/ 3
Condensation of steam
For air-free steam a coefficient of 8000 W/m2-0C should be
used.
Tlm
( t 2 t1 )
Tsat t1
Tsat t 2
ln