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Electrical Circuits
The FE exam consists of 180 multiple-choice questions. During the morning session, all examinees
take a general exam common to all disciplines. During the afternoon session, examinees can opt to
take a general exam or a discipline-specific (chemical, civil, electrical, environmental, industrial, or
mechanical) exam. See exam specifications for more details.
Exam Strategies
Only 4 minutes per problem.
Dont dwell on a problem.
FE supplies equations
Electric Field
Electric field due to single charge: E = k
k=8.89x10 Nm /C
9
q
r2
F =qE
qE = ma
Capacitance
Example 1
Charges Q, -Q = 2 nC are placed at the
vertices of an equilateral triangle with side
a = 2 cm as shown. Find the magnitude of
electric force on charge q = 6 nC placed at
point A.
Example 2,3
2. An electron with a speed of 5 x106 m/s i
enters an uniform electric field E =1000
N/C i. a. How long will it take for the
electron to come to stop? qe = 1.6x10-19 C me
= 9.11x10-31kg
Example 4
Determine the charge on capacitor C1 when C1=10 F,
C2=12 F, C3= 15 F, Ceq= 4F and V0=7 V. (Hint:
If capacitors are connected in series, then charge on each
capacitor is the same as that on equivalent capacitor
a. 0.5x10-5 C
b. 2.8x10-5 C
c. 5.2x10-5 C
d. 7.0x10-5 C
e. 1.1x10-4 C
1
2
Example 5
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Direct Current
Current (A) flow of charge Q in time t
I = Q /t units: ampere [A]
Current density J = (ne)vd
e = 1.6x10-19C
Combination of Resistors
Rseries = R1 + R2 + . + Rn
Rparallel = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + + 1/Rn)-1
R*0/(R+0) = 0
Example 14 cd
Req =(1/R2+ 1/R3)-1 + R4 + R
R eg =(1/10+1/10)-1 + 10 +20 = 35
resistors in parallel
I1+I2 = I Kirkchoffs second law
I2
I2
I1
Rseries = R1 + R2 + . + Rn
Rseries = is always larger than any of the elements
if R1 and R2 are the same (R)
Rseries is 2R
Current through each resistor is the same.
Example
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Charging a Capacitor
At the instant the switch is in position a
the charge on the capacitor is zero,
the capacitor starts to charge. The
capacitor continues to charge until it
reaches its maximum charge (Q = C)
Once the capacitor is fully charged, the
current in the circuit is zero.
Once the maximum charge is reached, the
current in the circuit is zero
The potential difference across the
capacitor matches that supplied by the
battery
The charge on the capacitor varies with
time
q(t) = C(1 e-t/RC)
= Q(1 e-t/RC)
Solving for r:
mv
r
qB
Mass Spectrometer
Example: The magnetic field in the
deflection chamber has a
magnitude of 0.035 T. Calculate the
mass of a single charged ion if the
radius r of the its path in the
chamber is 0.278 m and its velocity
is 7.14x104m/s
Inductance, Inductors
Inductance, unit: henry [H] = ability to store magnetic energy
A circuit element that has a large self-inductance is called an
inductor. The circuit symbol is
Potential across inductor: vL(t) = L diL(t) / dt
L = N2 A /
UM = LI2
Symbols
DC current source keeps constant
current flowing out in the direction shown
DC voltage source keeps constant
potential between + and side of
battery
R=0
R = infinity
Complex Numbers
rectangular form z=a+jb, z=zcos+jzsin)
phasor form z=c/ c = (a2+b2) = tan-1(b/a)
z1+z2 = (a1+a2)+j(b1+b2)
z1z2= c1c2/(1+2) z1/z2=c1/c2/(1-2 )
AC circuits: impedance Z=R+jX
In series Zeq = (R1+R2)+j(X1+X2)
In parallel Zeq=[1/(R1 +jX1)+1/(R2 +jX2)]-1
AC Circuits
The instantaneous voltage would be given
by v = Vmax sin t
The instantaneous current would be given
by i = Imax sin (t - )
is the phase angle, Imax= Vmax /Z
Z is called the impedance of the circuit and it plays
the role of resistance in the circuit, where
Z R X L XC
2
AC Circuits
Root mean square value of V and I is given by expressions:
Vrms = Vmax/2 , Irms = Imax /2
Z=V/I
=tan-1(X/R)
X=XL-Xc
Xc = 1/(C)
XL = L
AC Circuits
R = Zcos
X = Zsin
AC Circuits
Power can be expressed in rectangle form:
S = P + jQ
P- real power Qreactive power
P=VrmsIrmscos() =I2rmsR
Q = VrmsIrmssin() = V2rms/X
power factor PF= cos()
S2 = P2 + Q2
Example
A series RLC circuit has
R = 425 , L = 1.25 H
C = 3.5 F. It is connected
to and AC source with
f = 60 Hz and Vmax = 150 V
a. Find the impedance of
the circuit.
b. Find the phase angle.
c. Find the current in the circuit.
Example
A series RLC circuit has
R = 425 , L = 1.25 H
C = 3.5 F. It is connected
to and AC source with
f = 60 Hz and Vmax = 150 V
Calculate the average real and reactive power
delivered to the circuit.
sin(t-)
sin(t)
sin(t+)
or
sin(t) sin(t+)
sin(t-) sin(t)
Sample Problem
Read from the plot:
Amplitude of i(t) Io= 50 A
Irms=50*0.71=35
v(t) = sin(t)
i(t) = sin(t-90)
current lags voltage by 900
Answer = B
Sample Problem
Magnitude = 5 from Pythagoram principle
Angle (phase) from tan()=4/3
= tan-1(4/3)
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
For AC circuit with Vrms=115V, Irms = 20.1A
and phase constant =320, find the average
real power and average reactive power drawn
by the circuit.
P = 115V*20.1Acos320 = 1965 W
Q = 115V*20.1Asin 320 = 1217 kVAR
( kilovolt-amps reactive)
Sample Problem
Answer = A
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Inductances are like
resistors in series and
in parallel.
Lseries = L1 + L2
Energy stored in an
inductor:
W[J] = 0.5L*I2
IL = 10 A from current source
Answer = B
Sample Problem
Average of any
sin(t) = 0 so ignore
the AC Source
Sample Problem
+ Two 4 resistors
are in parallel = 2 .
Then 2 and 2 resistors
Are in series.
I = 40/4
Answer = C
Sample Problem
20 is the amplitude
Answer = B
Sample Problem
After t = 5,
the capacitor
acts like an
open circuit
Use Ohms
Law for Ix
Answer = C