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Alex Rodriguez
arodriguez@mathworks.co
m

The MathWorks, Inc.


May 30th, 2002

2002
The
MathWorks,
Inc.

2002
The
MathWorks,
Inc.

WCDMA Design using Simulink

About WCDMA

WCDMA Simulink Model

About the models


Physical Layer
Mask parameters
Coding and Multiplexing
Modulation and Spreading
RAKE Receiver
Channel Models
Visualizing the results

Enhancements

Radiolab 3G

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Agenda

WCDMA stands for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.

WCDMA is one of the five air-interfaces adopted by the ITU under the
name "IMT-2000 Direct Spread.

WCDMA can support multiple and simultaneous communications


such as voice, images, data, and video.
Very high and variable bit rates:
144 kbps: vehicle speed, rural environ.
384 kbps: walking speed, urban outdoor.
2048 kbps: fixed, indoor.
Different QoS for different connections.
High spectrum efficient.
Coexistence with current systems.

WCDMA is being specified by the 3GPP (Third Generation


Partnership Project).

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

About WCDMA

About WCDMA and the 3G Standardization Process


References:
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
http://www.itu.int
3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project)
http://www.3gpp.org
UWCC (Universal Wireless Communications Consortium)
http://www.uwcc.org
UMTS Forum:
http://www.umts-forum.org
GSM World :
http://www.gsmworld.com
CDMA Development Group
http://www.cdg.org

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

About the models

WCDMA has two basic modes of operation:


TDD (Time Division Duplex).
Low Chip Rate TDD (TD-SCDMA)
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex).

Duplex communications:
Downlink Channel
From Node B (Base Station) to UE (User Equipment).
Uplink Channel
From UE to Node B

Model simulates transmission of information data (DCH


Dedicated Channel) during a connection.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

About the models

WCDMA Library

WCDMA Spreading
and Modulation

WCDMA Multiplexing
and Coding

WCDMA Physical
Layer

To open the models,


type wcdmademos

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

R12.1 !!
For NT, Linux and Unix
w/o accelerator

Physical layer provides data transport support to higher


layers via Transport Channels.

Functions of the Physical Layer:

Error detection.
FEC encoding/decoding.
Rate Matching/Dematching.
Multiplexing/Demultiplexing different Transport Channels
into/from a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH).
Mapping/Demapping of CCTrCH into/from Physical Channels.
Modulation and Spreading/Demodulation and Despreading.
Power Weighting and combining of physical channels.
RF Processing.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Physical Layer Specifications

WCDMA Physical Layer Transmitter

Transport
Channels

Channel
Coding and
Multiplexing

Layer 2
MAC

CCTrCh

Pilot Bits
TPC
TFCI

Physical
Channel
Mapping

- DL Scrambling Code
- Channelization Code
- Transmit Diversity
- Slot Format
- Power Settings

Slot
DPCH
Spreading
And
Modulation

Control Channels
Orthogonal
Interference (OCNS)
Codes
Layer 1

DPCH

Channel

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Transport Format

- Transport Block Set Size


- Transport Block Size
- Transmission Time Interval
- Size of CRC
- Type of Error Correction
- Coding Rate
- Rate Matching Attribute

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

WCDMA Physical Layer Model

Initial Settings Mask Layer 2


Multiplexing and Coding

Variables are stored in


the workspace.
To view them, type
who or whos

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Spreading and Modulation

Physical layer provides data transport support to higher


layers via Transport Channels.

There is a Transport Format associated to each Transport


Channel that describes the processing (CRC size, encoding
scheme, coding rate, ) to be applied by the Physical Layer.

Every transport block is generated every 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms


(Time Transmission Interval TTI).

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Coding and Multiplexing Specifications

Coding and Multiplexing Overview


Layer 1

Limits Max Size


of Codewords
Attaches CRC
Size={0,8,12,16,24}

CRC

Channel
Encoder

Rate
Matching

1st
Interleaver

Radio
Frame
Segment

Accommodates data rates


Multiplexes bits from
to a fixed channel bit rate
different Transport
Coding Schemes:
Channels every 10 ms.
- No coding
- Convolutional Coding
Interleaves bits within each
Transport Channel
- Turbocoding

Concat/
Segment

Channel
Encoder

Rate
Matching

{10,20,40 and 80ms}

Transmission Time Interval

1st
Interleaver

CCTrCH

Radio
Frame
Segment
{10ms}

Radio Frame

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

CRC

Concat/
Segment

Coding and Multiplexing Model


CRC

Concatenation
and
Segmentation

Channel
Encoder

Rate
Matching

CCTrCh

{10ms}

{10,20,40 and 80ms}

Transmission Time Interval

Layer 2

First
Interleaver

Layer 1

Radio Frame

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Transport
Channels

Physical Channel Mapping Overview

Data is sent to the


Modulation and Spreading
block

TFCI

CCTrCh
Physical
Channel
Segmentation

One CCTrCH can be


mapped onto one or
several PhCHs
Structure of slot is defined
by the Higher Layers via
Slot Format

DPCH

DPCH
2nd
Interleaver

Slot
Builder

DPCH

Power
Control Bits
Pilot Bits

Data 1

TPC

TFCI

Data 2

Pilot

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Interleaves bits within a


Radio Frame coming from
different Transport Channels

Transport Format Combination Index


contains information of how the
different transport channel have been
processed

Physical Channel Mapping Model

2nd Interleaver

{10ms}

Radio Frame

{10/15 ms}

Slot

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Slot Builder

Physical
channel
segmentation

3GPP TS 25.302 Services provided by the Physical Layer.

3GPP TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of


transport channels onto Physical Channels (FDD).

3GPP TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding.

3GPP TS 25.944 Channel coding and multiplexing


examples.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

References

Modulation and Spreading Specifications

Modulation:
QPSK.
Same gain for I and Q components.

Spreading or Channelization Operation:


Transforms every bit into a given number of chips, hence
increasing the bandwidth.
Chip Rate = 3.84 Mcps.
By using an orthogonal code for each physical channel, receiver
can separate them.
Orthogonal codes are real-valued OVSF codes (Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor) of different length.

Scrambling:
Separates different Base Stations.
Complex-valued Gold Code Sequences.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Modulation and Spreading Specifications

Power weighting:
Different power is applied to each physical channel before being
added together.

Pulse shaping:
Root-raised cosine filter with =0.22.
Bandwidth is 5MHz.
2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Modulation and Spreading Specifications


Physical channels required during a connection:
Dedicated Channel:
DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel
Common Channels:
P-CPICH Primary Common Pilot Channel
Could be used at the receiver end for channel estimation, tracking

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel


SCH Synchronization Channel
Not multiplied by orthogonal code.
Used mainly for cell search: slot and frame timing acquisition.

PICH Paging Indicator Channel


OCNS Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator
Simulates interference caused by other users or signals.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Modulation and Spreading Overview


Channelization

Orthogonal Codes PN Sequence


Gold Codes
OVSF

QPSK
Modulation

Power
Weighting

I&Q
Mapping
Spreading

Scrambling

Common
Channels

Common
Channels are
introduced

Bit Rate

OCNS

Power
Settings

SCH

{3.84Mcps}

Chip Rate

To
Channel

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

DPCH

Scrambling

Physical
Channels are
added before
being sent to
Pulse Shaping

Modulation and Spreading Model


Spreading

Introduce Common
Introduce Interference
Channels

Pulse Shaping

Scrambling

Power
Adjustment

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Modulation

3GPP TS 25.101 UE Radio Transmission and Reception.

3GPP TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of


transport channels onto Physical Channels (FDD).

3GPP TS 25.213 Spreading and Modulation (FDD).

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

References

RAKE Receiver

Standard does not defined Receiver algorithms.


Although specifications has been defined in a such a way that a
RAKE receiver will satisfy most of the cases.

RAKE receiver consists of several branches (RAKE Fingers)


each of them assigned to a different receive paths, due to:
Diversity reception (echoes) : sum of attenuated and delayed
versions of the transmitted signal.
Handoff.

The outputs of the different RAKE fingers are aligned in time


and coherently combined.
Convert destructive interference into constructive interference.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

RAKE Receiver
Rake finger consists of:
Downsampler
Decorrelators for Data and Pilot
Receiver requires knowledge of channelization codes used by
Data (Dedicated Physical Channel) and Pilot.
Channel Estimation
By comparing receiving pilot signal with reference signal.
Low Pass filter is introduced is smooth noise estimates.
Data Derotation or Phase Correction
Using channel estimates data is phase corrected.

Current RAKE receiver assumes perfect carrier and timing


synchronization.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

RAKE Finger Overview

From
Channel

Pilot
Reference

Correlator

Orthogonal
Codes
Data / Pilot

Oversampled data

Tick Rate

Channel
Estimation

Chip Rate

From Other
Fingers

Phase
Correction

Derotates data using


channel estimates

From Other
Fingers
Bit Rate

Paths are aligned and


added coherently

To
Decoder

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Pilot Sequence,
Channelization and
Scrambling Code are
generated at the receiver

RAKE Receiver Model


Pilot and Data Correlators

Channel
Estimator

RAKE
Combiner
Sequence
Generators

Phase
Correction

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Pilot
Reference
Generator

Channel Models

3GPP standard specifies minimum requirement tests under for


different data rates under different propagation conditions:

Non fading channel with two taps (static moving).

Birth-Death Propagation Conditions


Non fading channel with two taps that appear randomly.

Channel models are implemented using a Configurable


Subsystem.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Static Channel (AWGN)


Multipath Fading
6 different multipath profiles
Moving Propagation Conditions

Use the mask of the demo, to


select any predefined profile.

To define any multipath


profile, use the option User
Defined.
2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Channel Models

References

3GPP TS 25.101 UE Radio Transmission and Reception.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Visualizing the results

BER
(Bit Error Rate)
Time Scopes
Frequency Scopes

Multiplexing and
Coding Demo
BER
BLER
(Syndrome Detector)

Physical Layer

Demo

BER
BLER
Time Scopes
Frequency Scopes

There is an intrinsic delay between transmission and


reception of at least 2 TTI.

Simulink libraries contain several other types of displays such


as eye diagrams, scatter plots or histograms.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Spreading and
Modulation Demo

To open and close the


scopes, double-click
on the switch icon

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Visualizing the results

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Enhancements

32

Enhancements
Current model and library can be used as a baseline to test
different algorithms such as:

Turbo coding
Power Control
AFC
AGC
Tracking
Space Time Transmit Diversity
Two transmit antennae and one receiver antenna.
Open Loop
Close Loop Mode I and II

Cell Search
Multi-user detection.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Radiolab 3G

34

20 reference designs

Uplink and downlink

Transport channels and


physical channels

Viterbi and Turbo decoding

Multi-user detection

Vary data rates during


simulation (Bursty)

Fixed-point and floating-point

http://www.mathworks.com/products/connections/product_name.shtml, RadioLab3G

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Radiolab 3G: UMTS/W-CDMA Blockset

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Remember to fill out the survey !!

36

2002 The MathWorks, Inc.

Thank you

37

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