Writing a proposal

Title: Transition-metal free synthesis of diaryl vinyl

selenides
Chapter 1-Introduction
-What is the synthesis path of diary vinyl selenides?
-Why do you need transition-metal free synthesis?
-What is your aim for this study aka objectives)?
Chapter 2- Literature review
-Elaborate more about diaryl vinyl selenides.
-The application of the compound and why it is important to
improve the synthesis of the compound?
-Go into detail about mechanism of the reaction.
1

Writing a proposal
Cont. chapter 2.
-In previous studies, what have other
researchers use?
Chapter 3- Methodology
-What chemicals and what apparatus involved?
How will you carry out the synthesis?
-How can you confirm How will you analyze the
product from the reaction?

Writing a proposal
Metal oxides modified NiO catalysts for oxidative
dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene
How can you write chapter 1, 2 and 3 for this
topic?

Writing a proposal

Format:
Paper size A4
Times new roman
Font size 12
Line spacing 1.5
Dont forget to justify the text

KIM4997
Basic Statistics

What is basic statistics

Statistics - a set of concepts, rules, and

procedures that help us to:

Organize numerical information in the

form of tables, graphs, and charts;
Understand statistical techniques
underlying decisions that affect our lives
and well-being; and
Make informed decisions.

What is basic statistics

Statistics consists of a body of methods for
collecting and analyzing data (Agresti and
Finlay, 1997).
Statistical methods can be used to find answer
to the questions like:
What kind and how much data needed to be
collected?
How should we organize and summarize the
data?
How can we analyze the data and draw
conclusions from it?
7

Steps of data analysis in statistics

Data
Data facts, observations and information that
come from investigations.
Measurement data (quantitative data): the
results of using some instrument to measure
something (e.g. Test score, weight, 1H NMR data,
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C NMR data etc.).
Categorical data (qualitative data): things are
grouped according to some common properties
and number of members(e.g. males/females).
9

Variables
Property of an object or event that can take on
different values.
For example,
-University courses is a variable that takes on
values like chemistry, mathematics, biology,
accounting etc
-Weight

10

 (1) Discrete variable a variable with a limited

number of values (0,1,2.).
In an experiment to investigate the stretching of a
spring:
The Discrete variables are:
1 weight, 2 weight, 3 weight..

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 (2) Continuous variable a variable that can take on

many different values in theory, any value between the
lowest and highest points on the measurement scale.
(decimal numbers)
In an experiment to investigate the stretching of a
spring:
The continuous variables are:
length of the spring
15.1 cm, 15.5 159. cm

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Variables
(3) Independent variable a variable that is manipulated,
measured or selected by the researcher as an antecedent
condition to an observed behavior.
(4) Dependent variable a variable that is not under the
experimenters control. It is the variable that is observed and
measured in response to the independent variable.
Example:
In an experiment measuring the effect of weight on stretching of a
spring
Independent variable : weight
Dependent variable: stretching of a spring

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 Qualitative variable a variable

based on categorical data.
Quantitative variable a
variable based on quantitative data

14

Qualitative variable
Refers to analyses in which substances are identified or classified on
the basis of their chemical or physical properties, such as chemical
reactivity, solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative
properties (emission, absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life
Quantitative variable
Refers to analyses in which the amount or concentration of an analyte
may be determined (estimated) and expressed as a numerical value in
appropriate units

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Graphs
Visual display of data used to present
frequency distributions so that the shape of the
distribution can easily be seen.
Bar graph a form of graph that uses bars
separated by an arbitrary amount of space to
represent how often element within a category
occur. The higher the bar, the higher the
frequency of occurrence. The underlying
measurement scale is discrete (nominal or
ordinal scale data), not continuous.

16

Graphs

17

Graphs

18

Graphs
Histogram a form of a bar graph used with
interval or ratio scaled data. Unlike the bar
graph, bars in a histogram touch with the width
of the bars defined by the upper and lower
limits of the interval. The measurement scale is
continuous, so the lower limit of any one
interval is also the upper limit of the previous
interval.
Boxplot
Scatterplot 19

Graphs

20

Graphs

21

Graphs
Boxplot a graphical representation of
dispersions and extreme scores. Represented
in this graphic are minimum, maximum and
quartile scores in the form of a box with
whiskers. The box includes the range of
scores falling into the middle 50% of the
distribution (Inter Quartile Range = 75th
percentile -25th percentile).

22

Graphs

23

Graphs
Scatterplot a form of graph that presents
information from a bivariate distribution. In a
scatterplot, each subject in an experimental
study is represented by a single point in two
dimensional space. The underlying scale of
measurement for both variables is continuous
(measurement data). This is one of the most
useful techniques for gaining insight into the
relationship between two variable.

24

Graphs

25

Frequency distribution
Population distribution.
Sample distribution.
Population is the collection
of all individuals or items
under consideration in a
statistical study (Weiss,
1999).
Sample is that part of the
population from which
information is collected
(Weiss, 1999).
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Frequency distribution
Imagine the sample distribution is a blurry
photograph of the population distribution.
As the sample size increases, the sample
relative frequency in any class interval gets
closer to the true population relative frequency.
Thus, the photograph gets clearer and the
sample distribution looks more like the
population distribution.

27

Frequency distribution
Two examples of histograms, one based on a
sample size of 100 and the second based on a
sample size 2000 and also a smooth curve
representing the population distribution.

28

Frequency distribution
U-shaped and bell-shaped frequency
distribution.

29

Frequency distribution
Skewed frequency distributions

30

Descriptive statistics
The median and the mean apply only to
quantitative data, whereas the mode can be
used with either quantitative or qualitative
data.

Median arrange the observed values of variable in a data in

increasing order.
If the number of observation is odd, the sample median is the
observed value exactly in the middle of the ordered list.
If the number of observation is even, then the sample median
is the number halfway between the two middle observed
values in the ordered list.
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Descriptive statistics

Mean the sample mean of the variable is the

sum of observed values in a data divided by
the number of observations.
Whereas mode is the frequency of each
observed value of the variable in a data and
note the greatest frequency.

32

Descriptive statistics
An analytical determination for Pb in an
aqueous solutions gives 7 replicate
measurements. What is the median of the
following set of observations?
Pb2+
a) 20.1 ppm b) 19.5 ppm
c) 20.3 ppm d) 19.7 ppm
e) 20.0 ppm f) 19.4 ppm
g) 19.6 ppm
33

Descriptive statistics
An analytical determination for Pb in an
aqueous solutions gives 7 replicate
measurements. Find the mean.
Pb2+
a) 20.1 ppm b) 19.5 ppm
c) 20.3 ppm d) 19.7 ppm
e) 20.0 ppm f) 19.4 ppm
g) 19.6 ppm

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Descriptive statistics
You are given the following set of data
{1,2,3,5,5,6,7,7,7,9,12}. What is the mean,
median and mode for this set of data?
a)
b)
c)
d)

5.82, 6, 7
6, 7, 5.82
7, 6, 5
7, 6, 5.82

a
35

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation is a measure of how precise

the average is, that is, how well the individual
numbers agree with each other.
It is a measure of a type of error called random
error.
S=
Where x is mean.
The relative standard deviation, RSD.
RSD = 100S/x

36

Descriptive statistics
What is n and the standard deviation for the
above set of data {1,2,3,5,5,6,7,7,7,9,12}.
a)
b)
c)
d)

12, 3.16
7, 3.16
11, 3.16
11, 5.82

37

Descriptive statistics
Here are 4 measurements: 51.3, 55.6, 49.9
and 52.0.
Calculate the average, standard deviation and
relative standard deviation.

Mean = 52.2
S = 2.4
RSD = 4.6%
So the result for this experiment can be written
as 55.2 2.4 or 52.2 4.6%
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Hypothesis testing
A significance tests considers two hypotheses
about the value of a population parameter.
Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis Ho is the hypothesis that is
directly tested. This is usually a statement that the
parameter has value corresponding to, in some
sense no effect.

Alternative hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis Ha is a hypothesis that
contradicts the null hypothesis. It stated that the
parameter falls in some alternative set of values to
what null hypothesis specifies (Agresti and Finlay,
1997).
39

Hypothesis testing
The alternative hypothesis refers to alternative
parameter values from the one in the null
hypothesis.
The most common form of alternative
hypothesis is Ha: o
This alternative hypothesis is called two-sided
since it includes values falling both below and
above the value o listed in Ho.

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