TAR1 Chapter 09d

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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
The Republicans Take Power
Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3
A Time of Conflict
Section 4
The War of 1812
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Discuss how the election of 1800 was resolved.
Explain how the Supreme Court was strengthened.
Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Discuss how the United States expanded in the
early 1800s.
Review the expeditions of explorers such as Lewis
and Clark.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Explain why Tecumseh built a Native American
confederacy.
Discuss why the War Hawks wanted to go to war.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: The War of 1812
Describe how the British seized and set fire to
Washington, D.C.
Explain why Andrew Jackson fought a battle after the
war was over.

Why It Matters
In 1801 the Democratic-Republican Party took
control of the nations government. The
Federaliststhe party of Alexander Hamilton and
John Adamswere now on the sidelines and
played the role of critics to the Republican
administration.
The Impact Today

Politicians today operate within the party system
that took shape at that time.
While the two main parties have changed,
each still worked to win votes and gain power.
If the people vote to change the party in

power, the newly elected representatives take
office peacefully and the government
continues.

Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The election of 1800 marked the transfer of power
from one political party to another through a
democratic election.
Key Terms
laissez-faire
customs duties
judicial review

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, use
a diagram like the one shown on page 278 of your
textbook to identify ways Republicans tried to reduce
the role of government.
Read to Learn
how the election deadlock of 1800 was resolved.
how John Marshall strengthened the Supreme
Court.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy Jefferson believed that
a large federal government threatened liberty.
Abigail Adams in the unfinished

White House

The Election of 1800

The election campaign of 1800 between
Adams/Pinckney and Jefferson/Burr was very
different from those of today.
Candidates and their friends wrote letters to
leading citizens and newspapers to spread
their views.
The Federalists and Republicans fought a
bitter letter-writing campaign.
(pages 278279)
The Election of 1800 (cont.)

The election was deadlocked.
Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral
votes, so the House of Representatives had to
decide the election.
- The Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent
the election of Jefferson.
- Hamilton distrusted Burr but was not a friend of
Jefferson either.
- Finally, at Hamiltons request, one Federalist voted
against Burr, and Jefferson became president and
Burr vice president.
(pages 278279)

To avoid another election deadlock, Congress
passed the Twelfth Amendment in 1803.
It required electors to vote for the president
and vice president on separate ballots.
(pages 278279)

Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on March 4,
1801.
In his Inaugural Address, Jefferson tried to
close the gap between the political parties.
His goals included:
- a wise and frugal government
- support of state governments in all their rights
(pages 278279)

Jefferson was a proponent of states rights.
He believed strong states would best protect
freedom and that a large federal government
would threaten liberty.
He also believed in laissez-faire, a policy in
which government plays a small role in the
economic concerns of a country.
(pages 278279)
Why were the election campaigns of Adams

and Jefferson different from campaigns of
today?
In 1800 transportation was limited. The best
way to reach a large group of constituents was
through letter writing.
(pages 278279)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Jeffersons Policies
Jefferson surrounded himself with men who
shared his Republican principles.
His cabinet had James Madison as secretary of
state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of the
treasury.
Under Jefferson the government allowed the
unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts to expire
and repealed the Naturalization Act.
(page 280)
Jeffersons Policies (cont.)

Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the huge
national debt.
They cut back on military expenses by
reducing the size of the army and navy.
Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded
Congress to repeal federal internal taxes,
including the whiskey tax.
The government funds would come from
customs duties, or taxes on imported goods,
and from the sale of Western lands.
(page 280)

The number of federal government employees
was small under Jefferson.
He believed that the responsibility of
government should be limited to delivering the
mail, collecting customs duties, and
conducting a census every 10 years.
(page 280)
Jefferson was a wealthy landowner and a

slaveholder, although he believed in individual
freedoms. He was also an excellent practical
politician. Do you think that his views of
government would have been different had he
not been wealthy?
Possible answer: Jefferson did not let his
wealth interfere with his principles. Jefferson
cared about people.
(page 280)
Jefferson and the Courts

The Federalists controlled the court system
even though Jefferson was a Republican.
The Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of
1801 before Jefferson took office.
Prior to Adams leaving office, he made
hundreds of appointments to the courts.
He also appointed John Marshall, his secretary
of state, as chief justice of the United States
after Chief Justice Ellsworth resigned.
(pages 280281)
Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Adams and Marshall worked around the clock
to process the papers (commissions) for these
last-minute midnight judges.
A few of the commissions had not been
processed when Jefferson took office on
March 4.
Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state,
to hold them.
One of these was for William Marbury.
(pages 280281)

The Supreme Court heard the case of Marbury
v. Madison.
Marbury went right to the Supreme Court to
force delivery of his commission.
Marbury claimed that he had jurisdiction as a
result of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Marshall turned down his claim.
(pages 280281)

Marshall said that the Constitution did not give
the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide
Marburys case.
- This was the first time that judicial review was
used.
- Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to
review and rule on acts of other branches of
government.
- Today judicial review is a basic part of our
government and is a way to check and balance the
other branches of the government.
(pages 280281)

Under Justice Marshall, who served as chief
justice until 1835, the Supreme Court became
an equal partner in government due to judicial
review.
Under Marshall the court usually upheld the
power of the national government over the
rights of states.
The Marshall court used many Federalist
beliefs in the American system of government.
(pages 280281)
Why did John Adams make so many judicial appointments

in the final hours of his presidency?
Adams, along with Chief Justice Marshall, attempted to
process the commissions for judicial appointments until the
final hours so that the court system would be full of
Federalist thinking judges when Jefferson took office.
Adams did not win the presidency, but he did have a large
impact on the courts. Presidents through history have made
an impact as well by their Supreme Court appointments
because justices serve for life or until they are too ill to
serve the country.
(pages 280281)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
C 1. the right of the Supreme Court
to determine if a law violates the
Constitution
__
A 2. policy that government should
interfere as little as possible in
the nations economy
__
B 3. taxes on foreign imported goods

Space Bar to display the answers.
A. laissez-faire
B. customs duties
C. judicial
review

Reviewing Facts Explain how Jefferson cut
government spending.
He cut the size of the army and navy, reduced the

national debt, and kept the number of
government workers low.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy How did the
judicial branch under Jefferson serve as a check
on the executive and legislative branches?
With the establishment of judicial review, the

Supreme Court could review and rule on acts of
the other branches of government.

Critical Thinking
Identifying Central Issues How was the
deadlock in the presidential election of 1800
finally resolved?
The House of Representatives decided the

election. Hamilton swayed the vote in Jeffersons
favor.

Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Architecture Examine the
photograph of Monticello on page 279 of your
textbook. Who lived there? What do you think
gives Monticello its unique look? Explain.
Thomas Jefferson lived at Monticello.

Expository Writing A letter of recommendation is

written to discuss the positive qualities of a person.
Write a letter from John Adams to Thomas Jefferson
about John Marshall. Address Marshalls skills and
leadership qualities.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The Louisiana Purchase opened a vast area to
exploration and settlement.
Key Terms
Conestoga wagon
secede


Reading Strategy
Classifying Information As you read, re-create the
diagram on page 282 of your textbook and describe the
area that Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike explored.
Read to Learn
how the United States expanded in the early 1800s.
how Lewis and Clark led an expedition to explore

the Louisiana Territory.


Section Theme
Geography and History The purchase of the
Louisiana Territory doubled the nations size.
Conestoga wagon

Western Territory
Settlers in the less settled areas of the
Northwest Territory and in Kentucky and
Tennessee were pioneers.
They loaded their belongings onto Conestoga
wagons and made the long, tiring journey over
the Appalachian Mountains to the area west of
the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana
Territory.
- The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to
Spain.
- The region extended from New Orleans in the south,
(pages 282283)
west to the Rocky Mountains.
Western Territory (cont.)

- It was undefined to the north.
- Many pioneers settled near the rivers that fed into
the upper Mississippi River.
- The Spanish allowed them to sail on the lower
Mississippi and trade in New Orleans.
- This access allowed farmers to unload goods in New
Orleans and then ship these goods to markets in the
East.
(pages 282283)

In 1802 Spain changed its policy and refused to
allow American goods to move into or past
New Orleans.
Jefferson confirmed that Spain had transferred
the Louisiana Territory to France in a secret
agreement.
The United States was surprised and fearful
that Napoleon Bonaparte, Frances leader,
wanted to increase his empire in Europe and
the Americas.
(pages 282283)

Jefferson authorized Robert Livingston, the
new minister to France, to offer as much as
$10 million for New Orleans and West
Florida.
(pages 282283)

Because of unrest in Santo Domingo (now
Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Napoleon
had to cancel his plans in America.
He sent in troops to crush a revolt against
French rule.
Toussaint-Louverture, a former enslaved
African, led the revolt.
He helped drive the British and Spanish from
the island and end slavery there.
The French captured Toussaint-Louverture but
did not regain the island.
(pages 282283)
Why was the Louisiana Territory important to Americans?

It was a large area of land that provided space for settlers to begin a
new life in the West. Because of its proximity to the Mississippi
River, farmers had a way to transport their goods and make money
from the markets in the East. When Spain, who owned the land,
refused American access to or past the port of New Orleans, it
became even more important for Americans to continue to have
access to the territory and use the Mississippi River for transport.
Once Jefferson learned of the transfer of the Louisiana Territory
from Spain to France, he sent Monroe to France to negotiate a sale
of New Orleans to the United States.
(pages 282283)
The Nation Expands

America bought the Louisiana Territory from
France, not just New Orleans.
The French needed money to finance
Napoleons plans for war against Britain, so
while the American diplomats were in France,
Talleyrand informed them that the entire
Louisiana Territory was for sale.
Monroe and Livingston negotiated a price of
$15 million for the territory.
With this territory, the size of the United States
doubled.
(pages 283285)
The Nation Expands (cont.)

The United States ratified the treaty with
France in October 1803 to make the Louisiana
Territory purchase legal.
Jefferson was concerned because the
Constitution said nothing about acquiring new
territory.
Jefferson was interested in knowing more
about the lands west of the Mississippi River.
(pages 283285)

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark to explore the new territory even before
the Louisiana Purchase was complete.
- Jefferson saw the expedition as a scientific
adventure, while Congress was interested in
commercial possibilities and places for future ports.
- Lewis and Clark put together a crew and left St.

Louis in the spring of 1804.
- Along the way they kept a journal of valuable
information on people, plants, animals, and
geography of the West.
(pages 283285)

- After traveling nearly 4,000 miles in 18 months,
they reached the Pacific Ocean.
- They spent the winter there and traveled back along
different routes.
Jefferson sent another expedition to explore

the wilderness.
Lieutenant Zebulon Pike led two expeditions
into a region that is now Colorado.
There he found a snowcapped mountain he
called Grand Peak. Today it is called Pikes
Peak.
(pages 283285)

A group of Federalists who opposed the
Louisiana Purchase planned to secede, or
withdraw, from the Union.
They were concerned that the new territory
would become agricultural and Republican,
and because it was so large, they would lose
power.
- They wanted to form a Northern Confederacy
including New York.
- To get the New York support, the Federalists
supported Aaron Burr for governor of New York in
1804.
(pages 283285)

- Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors
that Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out
of the Union.
- Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton.
- Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed
pistols.
- It took place in July 1804 in Weehawken, New
Jersey.
- Hamilton fired first but missed actually injuring
Burr.
- Burr, on the other hand, seriously wounded
Hamilton, who died the next day.
- Burr fled so he would not be jailed.
(pages 283285)

What was so valuable about the Lewis and Clark expedition and
the other expeditions to the West?
Since the nation had little knowledge of the lands west of the
Mississippi, Jefferson wanted to be able to provide information
for people who were looking to move west. By sponsoring
government expeditions, Jefferson hoped to gain knowledge for
new settlers about the land, the climate, the wildlife, and the
geography. Lewis and Clarks journal kept detailed records,
including maps of their travels, to prepare people who wanted to
move west. Sending men into the wilderness and seeing them
return also offered hope and inspiration to Americans who had
desires to move west.
(pages 283285)

left.
__
B 1. to leave or withdraw
A. Conestoga wagon
__
A 2. sturdy vehicle topped with
white canvas and used by
pioneers to move west
B. secede


Reviewing Facts What European countries
controlled the Louisiana Territory up until 1800?
Spain controlled the Louisiana Territory up until

1800.

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History Why were the
Mississippi River and New Orleans important to
the United States?
Farmers needed to ship their goods down the

Mississippi River to New Orleans to get them to
markets.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect How do you
think the Lewis and Clark expedition helped to
prepare people who wanted to move west?
Possible answers: It provided maps,

descriptions and locations of landforms, and
locations and information about Native
American groups and distribution of animals
and plants.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map on page
284 of your textbook. What was the farthest
western point that the Lewis and Clark
expedition reached? What is the straight-line
distance between St. Louis and Pikes Peak?
The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the
Pacific Ocean. The distance is about 775 miles
(1,250 km).

Descriptive Writing Accurate descriptions and

drawings in their journals made Lewis and Clarks
observations valuable. Find an example of plants or
animals nearby. Carefully draw and describe what you
see.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Between 1800 and 1815 the United States
experienced rapid expansion as well as the challenge
of war.
Key Terms
tribute
neutral rights
impressment
embargo
War Hawks
nationalism


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, recreate the diagram on page 288 of your textbook and
describe in the box the actions the United States took in
each of these situations.
Read to Learn
why Tecumseh built a confederacy among Native
American nations.
why the War Hawks wanted to go to war.


Section Theme
Global Connections The nations neutrality was
challenged.
American sailors

Americans in Foreign Seas

Many American merchant ships profited from
trade with foreign nations in the late 1700s and
early 1800s.
Ships made calls in South America, Africa, and
along the Mediterranean Sea.
By 1800 the United States had almost 1,000
ships trading around the world.
(pages 288289)
Americans in Foreign Seas (cont.)

Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous,
however.
Ships had to watch for Barbary pirates from
Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of
North Africa.
These pirates demanded tribute, or protection
money, to let ships safely pass the
Mediterranean waters.
(pages 288289)

The United States entered a war with Tripoli.
When the ruler of Tripoli asked the United
Stated for more money in 1801, Jefferson
refused.
War broke out. Jefferson sent ships to
blockade Tripoli, but the Barbary pirates were
too powerful to be defeated.
(pages 288289)

In 1804 the pirates seized the United States
warship Philadelphia and towed it into Tripoli
Harbor.
When a United States navy captain and his
raiding party burned the ship, a British admiral
called it a bold and daring act.
The conflict ended in June 1805 when Tripoli
agreed to stop demanding tribute.
However, the United States had to pay a
ransom of $60,000 to release American
prisoners.
(pages 288289)
If you were an American merchant shipper, would

you have sailed during the era of the Barbary
pirates? Why or why not?
Possible answer: These people were in business
despite the danger of the seas. They made
profits by trading their goods with foreign
nations, so they risked capture. If they did not
sail, they did not make money.
(pages 288289)
Freedom of the Seas

Great Britain and France were involved in a
war that threatened to interfere with American
trade.
America traded with both Britain and France
when they went to war in 1803.
For two years American shipping had neutral
rights, or the right to sail the seas because it
did not side with either country.
(pages 290291)
Freedom of the Seas (cont.)

By 1805 Britain and France took action against
America and its neutral rights.
Britain blockaded the French coast and
threatened to search all ships trading with
France.
France said it would search and seize ships
trading with Britain.
(pages 290291)

The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped
American sailors.
Their naval patrols claimed the right to stop
American ships at sea.
They seized sailors thought to be British
deserters and forced them into service.
This practice of impressment did catch some
deserters, but thousands of the impressed
sailors were native-born and naturalized
American citizens.
(pages 290291)

The British attacked the American ship
Chesapeake in June 1807.
The British warship Leopard intercepted the
Chesapeake and demanded to search the ship
for British deserters.
The British opened fire when the
Chesapeakes captain refused to let the British
search his ship.
Americans were furious at the British when
they heard of the attack.
Many demanded war.
(pages 290291)

However, Jefferson chose another path.
Congress passed a disastrous trade ban in
December 1807 called the Embargo Act.
The hope was to hurt Britain.
Instead, the embargo banned imports from and
exports to all foreign countries.
- The act was a disaster.
- It wiped out all American commerce with other
nations.
- It was also ineffective against Britain because it
traded with Latin America for agricultural goods.
(pages 290291)

- On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed the act and
passed the Nonintercourse Act.
- This act prohibited trade with only Britain and
France and their colonial possessions.
(pages 290291)

Jefferson announced his departure after two
terms.
The candidates nominated were Madison for
the Republicans and Pinckney for the
Federalists.
Madison won with 122 electoral votes to
Pinckneys 47.
(pages 290291)
Why was the Embargo Act such a disaster?

It killed American commerce by banning
imports from and exports to all foreign
countries, and it did not hurt Britain, which
was the true target. Congress realized its
mistake and repealed the act, though probably
too late.
(pages 290291)
War Fever
When James Madison took office, the country
was suffering from the embargo crisis and the
possibility of war.
The war cry grew close, but it was hard to
determine if the enemy was France or Britain.
In 1801 Congress passed a law permitting

direct trade with either France or Britain.
Because France lifted its trade restrictions
first, Americans were able to trade directly
with France.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

Napoleon, however, tricked the United States
and continued to seize ships.
Madison still saw Britain as the larger threat to
the United States, despite Napoleons actions.
The country also had problems in the West.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers
continued to move onto lands that had been
guaranteed to Native Americans.
- Ohio became a state in 1803.
- Native Americans renewed their associations with
British agents and fur traders in Canada for
protection.
- Some Native Americans built a confederacy among
their nations in the Northwest.
- They were led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

- Tecumseh believed that the treaties with separate
Native American nations were worthless and the
land was meant for Native Americans to live on.
- Tecumsehs brother, the Prophet, attracted a huge
following with his teachings.
- He felt that the Native Americans should return to
the customs of their ancestors and give up the white
ways.
- He founded a village called Prophetstown near
present-day Lafayette, Indiana, where the
Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers meet.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

Tecumseh met with the white people and the
governor of the Indiana Territory, General
William Henry Harrison, after Harrison had
warned him of the weakness of a Native
American-British alliance and the power of the
United States against them.
Tecumseh said that it was the Americans who
were killing the Native Americans, taking
away the land, pushing the Native Americans
to do mischief, and keeping the tribes from
uniting.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

In 1811 Harrison attacked Prophetstown at the
Battle of Tippecanoe.
The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the
Prophets forces fled.
Unfortunately for the Americans, Tecumseh
and the British forces united as a result of the
American victory.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

The War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from
Kentucky and John Calhoun from South
Carolina, pushed for the president to declare
war with Britain.
The Federalists in the Northeast remained
opposed to war.
- The War Hawks were eager to expand the nations
power.
- By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled
through additional military spending.
- Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of
American patriotism.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)

On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for
a declaration of war, concluding that war with
Britain was inevitable.
At the same time, Britain ended their policy of
searching and seizing American ships.
However, because the news took so long to
travel across the ocean, the United States did
not know of the change.
(pages 291294)
War Fever (cont.)
Why did Madison think that the enemy was Britain, not
France, and that the war with Britain was inevitable?
Madison did not trust the British in their alliance with the
Native Americans. He sensed an anti-British feeling
growing among Americans. Because Britain had once ruled
the country and because of their powerful navy, Britain
was a larger military threat to the United States than France
was. Because Madison thought Britain was going to
continue searching and seizing American ships, a war with
Britain seemed about to happen.
(pages 291294)

left.
__
C 1. forcing people into service, as
in the navy
__
A 2. money paid for protection
__
D 3. an order prohibiting trade with
another country
__
B 4. the right to sail the seas and
not take sides in a war
__
E 5. Republicans during Madisons
presidency who pressed for
war with Britain

A. tribute
B. neutral rights
C. impressment
D. embargo
E. War Hawks

Reviewing Facts Describe the negotiations that
ended the war between the United States and
Tripoli.
Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute, but

the United States had to pay a ransom for the
release of American prisoners.

Reviewing Themes
Global Connections How did the conflict in
Europe help the American shipping industry
prosper?
By remaining neutral, the United States could

trade with both France and Britain. Both
countries kept most of their trading ships in port
to avoid capture, so Americans increased their
trade.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect How did
frontier battles with Native Americans intensify
Americans anti-British feelings?
The British sided with Native Americans; this

interference angered many Americans.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Examine the maps that
appear on page 291 of your textbook. When did
Tennessee gain statehood? Which of the maps
shows the territory gained from the Louisiana
Purchase? In what year was Florida ceded to
the United States?
Tennessee gained statehood in 1796. The 1810
map shows the territory gained from the
Louisiana Purchase. Florida was ceded to the
United States in 1819.

Art Choose a side in the argument about war with

Great Britain. Draw a political cartoon supporting your
point of view.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Beginning in 1812 the United States was at war with
Britain. Fighting took place in the United States, in
Canada, and at sea.
Key Terms
frigate
privateer


Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read the section, re-create the
diagram on page 296 of your textbook and in the boxes
describe each battles outcome.
Read to Learn
how the British seized and set fire to Washington,
D.C.
why Andrew Jackson fought a battle after the war
was over.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy The end of the War of
1812 produced a new spirit of nationalism.
Madison peace medal

War Begins
The United States was unprepared for the war.
It had a government that provided no

leadership, a small army of 7,000, and state
militias with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained
soldiers, some of whom were too old to fight.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)

The war began in July 1812.
General William Hull led the army from
Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat.
General William Henry Harrison made another
attempt without luck and decided that as long
as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would
not be able to invade Canada.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)

Naval battles were more successful.
The navy was more prepared with three of the
fastest frigates, or warships.
On September 10, 1813, after a bloody battle
along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry,
American ships destroyed the British naval
force.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)

British troops and their Native American allies
tried to pull back from Detroit now that
America controlled Lake Erie.
In the Battle of the Thames on October 5,
Tecumseh was killed when Harrison and his
troops cut off the British and Native American
forces.
Canada remained unconquered, although
Americans attacked York (present-day
Toronto), burning the Parliament buildings.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)

The war at sea saw more victories.
In August 1812, the American warship
Constitution destroyed a British vessel and
four months later destroyed another British
ship.
American privateers attacked and captured
numerous vessels.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)

The Native Americans had some setbacks.
When Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native
American confederation also died.
In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe
Bend, Indiana, Jackson attacked and defeated
the Creeks.
They were forced to give up most of their
lands in the United States.
(pages 296298)
War Begins (cont.)
Why do you think America wanted to seize

Canada from the British?
Possible answer: Canada was a vast land. If
America could conquer the region, the United
States would grow in size and in resources.
(pages 296298)
The British Offensive

In the spring of 1814, the British won the war
with the French.
Now they could send more troops to America.
In August 1814, the British marched into the

capital of Washington, D.C., burning and
destroying the city.
(pages 298300)
The British Offensive (cont.)

The British then went on to attack Baltimore,
but Baltimore was ready.
The British attacked but could not enter.
- Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and
some 13,000 militiamen stood guard.
- Francis Scott Key wrote the Star-Spangled Banner
to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the
American flag still flying over Fort McHenry when
the battle was over.
- He watched as bombs burst over the fort in the night.
- When he saw the American flag the next morning, he

wrote the poem.
(pages 298300)

In September 1814, the British were defeated
in the Battle of Plattsburgh, New York, even
though they had the advantage of trained
soldiers, better firepower, cavalry, and
professional leaders.
General George Prevost led more than 10,000
British troops from Canada but lost the battle.
(pages 298300)

The British decided after the Plattsburgh loss
that the war in North America was too costly
and unnecessary.
In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium,
American and British representatives signed
the Treaty of Ghent to end the war.
The treaty did not change any of the existing
borders.
(pages 298300)

One final battle was fought after the peace
treaty was signed but before word reached the
United States of the peace agreement.
The Battle of New Orleans in December 1814
was a bloody battle in which the Americans
were victorious.
Andrew Jackson led the American army and
became a hero.
His fame helped him later win the presidency
in 1827.
(pages 298300)

The Federalists in New England had opposed
the war from the start.
At the Hartford Convention, they drew up a
list of proposed amendments to the
Constitution.
Once the word came of Jacksons victory and
the peace treaty, their grievances seemed
unpatriotic and their party lost favor.
(pages 298300)
How did the War of 1812 affect the country?

The American victory brought a spirit of nationalism. The
War Hawks, who urged the president to declare war, were
winners, too. People viewed members of the Republican
Party with respect. Even the New England Federalists,
who had opposed the war, felt a sense of patriotism.
Americans felt that now Britain would see the United
States as more of an equal in their political policies.
America could now focus again on Western expansion,
developing the economy, and creating a strong army and
navy.
(pages 298300)

left.
__
A 1. warship
A. frigate
__
B 2. armed private ship
B. privateer


Reviewing Facts Who won the Battle of Lake
Champlain? Why was it an important victory?
The Americans won the Battle of Lake

Champlain. It secured the northern border of the
United States and persuaded Britain to end the
War of 1812.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy Why did the
Federalist Party lose support after the War of
1812?
It looked unpatriotic because it had opposed the

war and wanted to amend the Constitution.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why did people from the
North, South, and the West feel differently about
going to war with Britain?
Possible answer: Westerners and Southerners

thought war might make more land available and
wanted to avenge British actions against
Americans. Northerners saw little benefit in war.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 298
of your textbook. On what lake did Perry defeat
the British? Which battle Lake Champlain or
Thamestook place later in time?
Perry defeated the British on Lake Erie. The
Battle of Lake Champlain took place later.

Music Imagine if Francis Scott Key had been at the

Battle of New Orleans instead of in Baltimore.
Rewrite the first verse of The Star-Spangled Banner
based on what occurred in that battle.

left.
__
E 1. the right of the Supreme Court
to determine if a law violates
the Constitution
__
B 2. forcing people into service, as
in the navy
__
D 3. loyalty to a nation and
promotion of its interests
above all others
__
A 4. policy that government should
interfere as little as possible in
the nations economy

A. laissez-faire
B. impressment
C. embargo
D. nationalism
E. judicial review
F. secede

left.
__
C 5. an order prohibiting trade with
another country
A. laissez-faire
__
F 6. to leave or withdraw
C. embargo
B. impressment
D. nationalism
E. judicial review
F. secede

Reviewing Key Facts

What did Congress do to prevent a deadlock in
presidential elections?
It passed the Twelfth Amendment that requires

electors to vote for the president and vice
president on separate ballots.

Reviewing Key Facts

How did events in Santo Domingo (Haiti)
influence American expansion?
The revolt in Santo Domingo was costly in

terms of lives and money. The revolt was a
major factor in the sale of the Louisiana
Territory to the United States.

Reviewing Key Facts

How did the Embargo Act of 1807 hurt the
United States?
It stopped American commerce with other

nations.

Reviewing Key Facts

Who were the War Hawks?
The War Hawks were a group of Republicans in

Congress from the South and West who urged
war with Britain.

Reviewing Key Facts

What effect did Tecumsehs death have on Native
Americans?
It had a negative effect. With the death of

Tecumseh, hopes for a Native American
confederation died.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Government and
Democracy Summarize the importance
of the Marbury v. Madison decision.
It established the Supreme Courts right of

judicial review, in which the judiciary branch
could review the acts of other branches of
government.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information What were the
boundaries of the Louisiana Territory?
The boundaries of the Louisiana Territory were

the Mississippi River on the east, British Canada
on the north, the Oregon Country on the
northwest, and Spanish territory from the
southern boundary of the Oregon Country to the
Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans.

Geography and History Activity

Study the maps on the following slides and answer the questions
that follow.

Region What three Southern states were
admitted to the nation between 1810 and
1820?
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were

admitted as states between 1810 and 1820.


Location In what year did Mississippi
become a state?
Mississippi became a state in 1817.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Use the map below to choose the best answer to the
following question.

Standardized Test Practice

Which of the following statements about the election of 1800 is
true?
F
Federalists won Georgias electoral votes.
New Hampshire supported the Democratic-Republican

ticket.
Connecticut had seven electoral votes.
Pennsylvania was one of the states that split its votes.
Test-Taking Tip Double-check all answer choices to make sure

that you have chosen the best answer. Make sure that your answer
choice is supported by information on the map. Check each choice
against the map. Only one is correct.
As Lewis and Clark traveled down the Columbia

River, they knew they were getting close to the
ocean when they saw salmon in the river. Why?
Salmon are an ocean-dwelling fish and travel

only in freshwater to lay their eggs.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Wagons with wooden wheels gave passengers a bumpy

ride over rough terrain. When the wagons came to
especially rocky stretches, people often had to get out and
walk.
Embargoes Throughout its history, the United States has

used the embargo as a political weapon. In 1980 President
Jimmy Carter placed an embargo on the sale of American
grain to the Soviet Union because the countrys troops
had invaded Afghanistan. The embargo was meant to put
pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops.
Uncle Sam During the War of 1812, Samuel Wilson, an

army meat inspector from Troy, New York, stamped
U.S. for United States on the barrels of salted meat he
approved. One day government inspectors asked a meat
packer what the initials stood for. The worker did not
know, so he said that the initials represented his boss,
Uncle Sam. Uncle Samuel Wilson soon became a
symbol of the federal government.
Embargo
Conestoga
Tecumseh
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Embargo Americans enraged by the embargo made

anagrams of the word embargo that reflected their anger:
O Grab Me, Go Bar Em, and Mobrage. One
cartoon of the time shows a snapping turtle (the embargo)
clenching a merchants trousers in its jaws, preventing the
man from loading his cargo. The merchants speech
balloon reads, Oh! This cursed Ograbme.
Conestoga Conestoga is the name of a Native American

group whose population was reduced by epidemics from
about 5,000 in 1600 to 20 people in 1763. White settlers
massacred these last few.
Tecumseh Tecumseh is the anglicized version of Tek-amthi, which is Shawnee for Panther Passing Across. His
father chose that name because Tecumseh was born just
as a shooting star of great brilliance passed overhead.
According to Shawnee legend, shooting stars were
panthers looking for a deep hole or cave in which to
sleep.
The Conestoga
Wagon
By the mid-1700s, sturdy Conestoga wagons
transported settlers and their freight over the
Appalachian Mountains. These wagons were first built
in the Conestoga Creek region of Lancaster,
Pennsylvania. As people pushed even farther
westward, the Conestoga was seen rolling across the
plains toward Oregon and California.
This feature can be found on page 293 of your textbook.
The Conestoga
Wagon
1
Six to eight draft horses or a dozen oxen

pull the wagon. The driver rides or walks
beside the animals.
3
toolbox 4 wagon bows
2
1
5
wheels
This feature can be found on page 293 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Conestoga
Wagon
2
The boat-shaped wagons high front and

back keep goods from falling out on steep
mountain trails.
3
2
1
5
wheels
The Conestoga
Wagon
3
A toolbox attached to the side of the

wagon holds spare parts for needed
repairs.
3
2
1
5
wheels
The Conestoga
Wagon
4
A white canvas cloth stretches over the hoops or

wagon bows. This cover protects passengers and cargo
from heat, rain, and snow.
3
2
1
5
wheels
The Conestoga
Wagon
5
Broad wheels help keep the heavy wagon from

being mired in the mud.
3
2
1
5
wheels
The Conestoga
Wagon
The average Conestoga wagon was 21 feet long, 11 feet
high, and 4 feet in width and length. It could carry up to
12,000 pounds of cargo.
3
2
1
5
wheels
Writing a Journal
Why Learn This Skill?
Journal writing is personal writing with a casual style.
What you write on is not as important as what you write
aboutyour experiences, interests, and even your feelings.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Writing a Journal
Learning the Skill
A journal is a written account that records what you have learned or
experienced. In the journal you can express your feelings about a
subject, summarize key topics, describe difficulties or successes in
solving particular problems, and draw maps or other visuals. To
help you get started writing in your journal, follow these steps:
As you read your textbook, jot down notes or questions about a
specific topic or event. Then look for details and answers about
it as you continue reading.
Writing a Journal
Learning the Skill
Describe your feelings as you read a selection or look at a
photograph. Are you angry, happy, frustrated, sad? Explain why.
Ask yourself if drawing a map or flowchart would help you

understand an event better. If so, draw in your journal.
Writing a Journal
Practicing the Skill
The following excerpt describes the burning of Washington, D.C.,
during the War of 1812. Read the excerpt, then use the following
questions to help you write entries in your own journal.
Writing a Journal
[T]his was a night of dismay to the inhabitants of Washington.
They were taken completely by surprise. . . . The first impulse of
course tempted them to fly. . . . [T]he streets were . . . crowded with
soldiers and senators, men, women, and children, horses, carriages,
and carts loaded with household furniture, all hastening towards a
wooden bridge which crosses the Potomac. The confusion . . . was
terrible, and the crowd upon the bridge was such to endanger its
giving way.
Writing a Journal
1. What is particularly interesting about this description?
2. What are your feelings as you read the excerpt?
Writing a Journal
3. Draw a map or other visual to help you understand the situation
described here.
The True Story

of Sacagawea
Objectives
After viewing The True Story of Sacagawea, you should:
Be aware of the difficult requirements of the Lewis and Clark
expedition.
Appreciate the importance of
Sacagawea to the expedition.
Acknowledge the help that the
Shoshoni Indians provided Lewis
and Clark.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
The True Story

of Sacagawea
Discussion Question
Why did Lewis and Clark need horses?
Horses were essential to help the expedition to

cross the Rocky Mountains.

The True Story

of Sacagawea
Discussion Question
Even though Clark never paid Sacagawea, why
did she still like and value him?
Sacagawea recognized the value of the
education that he provided for her son.

The second pen made the copy.


The Embargo Act was established because of the Chesapeake-Leopard

Affair.

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Presentation Plus!

The American Republic To 1877

The Republicans Take Power

The Louisiana Purchase

The War of 1812

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The Impact Today

If the people vote to change the party in

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Abigail Adams in the unfinished

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The Election of 1800

The Election of 1800 (cont.)

The Election of 1800 (cont.)

The Election of 1800 (cont.)

The Election of 1800 (cont.)

The Election of 1800 (cont.)

Why were the election campaigns of Adams

Jeffersons Policies (cont.)

Jeffersons Policies (cont.)

Jeffersons Policies (cont.)

Jefferson was a wealthy landowner and a

Jefferson and the Courts

Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Jefferson and the Courts (cont.)

Why did John Adams make so many judicial appointments

Checking for Understanding

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Checking for Understanding

He cut the size of the army and navy, reduced the

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With the establishment of judicial review, the

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The House of Representatives decided the

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Expository Writing A letter of recommendation is

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

how Lewis and Clark led an expedition to explore

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Western Territory (cont.)

Western Territory (cont.)

Western Territory (cont.)

Western Territory (cont.)

Western Territory (cont.)

Why was the Louisiana Territory important to Americans?

The Nation Expands