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GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
(Solar, Wind, Bio-mass, hydal)
Conventional
Natural or Fossil
Nuclear
238
Manufactured or Synthetic
Solid
Solid
Wood , Coal
Coke , Charcoals
Liquid
Liquid
Alcohols
Petroleum
Gaseous
Gaseous
Natural Gas
Coal Bed Methane(CBM)
Marsh Gas
Coal gas
Coke oven gas
Producer gas
Water gas
Hydrogen , etc.
What is Natural
Gas ?
NATURAL GAS
Definition (in normal usage) :
Natural Gas in normal usage, is considered to be
a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons
[C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6+] and non-hydrocarbons
[CO2 , N2 , He , H2O , H2S , RSH , COS , CS2 ,
etc.] associated with petroliferous geologic
formations (rocks in earths crust).
What is Natural
Gas ?
contain 80 to 95% CH4 , with C2H6 , C3H8 , N2 , etc. making up the remainder.
82.4oC
(191 oK)
What is Natural
Gas ?
Generally,
58 kg of Wood
52 kg of (indigenous) Coal
28 liters of Kerosene
0.168 barrel of Crude Oil (petroleum)
285 kwh of Electricity
0.024 tonne of Furnace Oil
21 kg of LPG
Product
Slate
Raw
Gas
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
sulphide
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
sulphide
Methane
Ethane
Propane
N-Butane
i-Butane
Pentanes +
Gas
Processi
ng
Pipeline gas
(Methane)
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
i-Butane
Natural gasoline
Combustibles
vs
Non- combustibles
Hydrocarbons
vs
Non-hydrocarbons
Natural Gas
Constituents
Natural Gas
Constituents
Hydrocarbons
Non-hydrocarbons
Combustibles
Non-combustibles
Methane
C1
Water
HCs
H2O
Ethane
C2
H 2O
Carbon dioxide
H2S
CO2
Propane
C3
CO2
Nitrogen
N2
RSH
N2
n-Butane
n-C4
Helium
He
i-Butane
i-C4
Hydrogen sulphide
H 2S
Pentanes
C5
Mercaptans
Hexanes+
C6+
COS
CS2
He
RSH
CS2
Formation
Exploration Production
Shipping
Refining
Chemical
Manufacturing
Uses
Seismic Technology
Land
Water
Seabed Seismic
Core Samples
Drilling
3/30/2010
19
Drilling Process
Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
Production
Christmas Tree
SUI GAS
Composition of Raw & Purified Typical Natural Gas from Sui Gas Field
Major Constituents
Commercial Units
Raw Gas
Purified Gas
CH4
% volume
88.52
94.42
C2H6
0.89
1.05
C3H8
0.26
0.28
C4+
0.37
0.17
N2
2.46
3.89
H2S
92.2
Traces
RSH
3.8
Traces
CO2
% volume
7.35
0.02
Btu / SCF
933
975
GAS HYDRATES
Gas
Hydrate
Value of X
Methane
CH4 . XH2O
6 to 7
Ethane
C2H6 . XH2O
6 to 8
Propane
C3H8 . XH2O
7 to 18
Carbon dioxide
CO2 . XH2O
6 to 7
Natural gas
NG . XH2O
Carbon
Black
Nitroge
n
from
airHydroge
Pyrolysis (minor
source)
METHANE
Steam or
Oxygen
Air
Oxygen
Acetylen
e
Ammonia
H2 + CO
(Synthesis
Gas)
Urea
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Methanol
Formaldehy
de
A General Scheme
III
Customer
Gas Meter
II
( HC liquids of
45 - 65 API
Gravity)
Gas Processing
CF
CFD
CFH
SCF
SCFD
SCFH
Hundred : 102 :
CSCFH
CSCF
CSCFD
Thousand : 103 :
MSCF
MSCFD
Million
: 106 : MMSCF
Billion
: 109 :
Trillion
: 1012:
MMSCFD
BCF
TCF
TSm3 : Trillion
m3 Natural Gas
155.50
1152.82
732.90
1109.92
2
ENERGY SCENARIO
NOTE :
PAKISTAN
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION SCENARIO
REFERENCE : Press Release dated 5-3-2007
Future Plan
100 wells to be drilled per year
Success Ratio to be enhanced from 1:25 to 1:10
Present
Production
Future Production
Target
OIL bbl/day
66,000
1,00,000
GAS BCFD
3.8
5.0
Units
bbl/day barrels per day ; BCFD Billion Cubic Feet per Day
3.8 billion = 3.8 x 109 = 3 arb 80 crore ; 5.0 billion = 5 x 109 = 5 arb
Russian Federation
Middle East
3
ORIGIN OF NATURAL GAS
&
EXPLORATION/PROSPECTING
Petroleum Geology
Reservoirs
Etc.
The SUN
150
miles/sec
The Sun
Crust
Upper
Mantle
Lower
Mantle
Surfac
e
Outer Core
Inner Core
Approx. Thicknesses of
Sections
Crust : 5 - 10 km (Avg. : 7
km)
River
Sand
Mud & Silt
Limestone
Ocean/Sea
6
5
Representation of Actual
Years in terms of Equivalent
Human Years
COAL
1 EHY = 100 million years ( my )
where
EHY
1 Eon = 1000 my
OIL/GAS
16
EHY
18 21
Present Day
300
my
500 my
Fossils Buried in
Rocks
Carbon-Dating
Method
C-14
G
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
T
i
m
e
S
p
i
r
a
History of
Earth with
Life Forms
FOSSIL
S
Porphrin molecule
Porphyrin
molecule
Metal
atom/ion
e.g.
Cu Fe , Mg ,
etc.
7
1
Anticline
Fold
7
6
Rock
Folds
Surface
Impervious Caprock
Oil
Gas
Limestone
Water
ANTICLINE : Structural
SHEET
STRATIGRAPIC
SALT DOME : Structural
LITHOLOGICAL
SCREENED :
Stratigraphic
FAULT :
Structural
Limestone
R
Anticline
Sheet
Stratigraphic
A
Surfac
e
Surfac
e
P
Lithological
Screened
Oil
Salt Dome
Ga
s
Wat
er
Clay
s
Limesto
ne
S
Salt
8
0
Structural Traps
Simple
Anticline
Faulted
Anticline
Stratigraphic Traps
Shoe-string Sand
type
8
2
Unconformity Trap
Stages of Migration of
Interconnected Traps
Distribution of Gravity
over a buried Anticline
Gravity : 1.7
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.1
Water-Drive Reservoir
Seepage
gives
Direct Indication
Geologist
conducts
Geological Survey
GEOPHYSICAL
Gravimetric
Seismic
Electrical
1. Type of Rock
2. Age of Rock
3. History of
Rock
GEOCHEMICAL
Magnetic
Soil Testing
Chemical
Microbial
Recording Truck
Battery
SU (Station Unit)
Stock of Cables
at the site
Receiver Cable
Few Definitions
Formation
A separate layer of rock or group of intermingled beds.
Field
An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related
to, the same individual geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition. The field
name refers to the surface area, although it may refer to both the surface and the
underground productive formations.
Reservoir
A porous, permeable sedimentary rock containing commercial quantities of oil and gas.
Discovery Well
The first oil or gas well drilled in a new field. The discovery well is the well that is drilled
to reveal the actual presence of a petroleum-bearing reservoir, Subsequent wells are
development wells.
Wildcat well
A well drilled in an area where no current oil or gas production exists. Also called a rank
wildcat.
Exploratory well
A hole drilled:
a) to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered
area;
unproductive
b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas
from another reservoir, or
c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
Development well
A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a
stratigraphic horizon known to be productive; a well drilled in a proven field for the
purpose of completing the desired spacing pattern of production.
Gas Well
Any well:
(A) which produces natural gas not associated or blended with crude
petroleum oil at the time of production;
(B) which produces more than 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas for each
barrel of crude petroleum oil from the same producing horizon; or
(C) which produces natural gas from a formation or producing horizon
productive of gas only encountered in a wellbore through which crude
petroleum oil also is produced through the inside of another string of casing
or tubing. A well which produces hydrocarbon liquids, a part of which is
formed by a condensation from a gas phase and a part of which is crude
petroleum oil, shall be classified as a gas well unless there is produced one
barrel or more of crude petroleum oil per 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas;
and that the term "crude petroleum oil" shall not be construed to mean any
liquid hydrocarbon mixture or portion thereof which is not in the liquid phase
in the reservoir, removed from the reservoir in such liquid phase, and
obtained at the surface as such.
Oil Well
Any well which produces one barrel or more crude petroleum oil to each 100,000 cubic
feet of natural gas.
TYPES OF TRAPS
Structural Traps
The traps formed by deformation of the earths
crust by either folding or faulting.
Stratigraphic Traps
The traps formed by changes in lithology,
generally a disappearance of the containing bed
or porosity zone.
These types of traps are more difficult to locate
at depth with remote sensing.
Note :
The part of the trap that is actually occupied by the oil and
gas is called the petroleum RESERVOIR.
Tectonics :
Next . . . .
III
Customer
Gas Meter
II
( HC liquids of
45 - 65 API
Gravity)