NETWORKING

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What is Networking?

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in

order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange
files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a
network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio
waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
A computer network connects two or more devices together to
share a nearly limitless range of information and services,
including:
Documents
Email and messaging
Websites
Databases
Music
Printers and faxes
Telephony and videoconferencing

Networks consist of the computers, wiring,

and other devices, such as hubs, switches
and routers, that make up the network
infrastructure. Some devices, such as
network interface cards, serve as the
computers connection to the network.
Devices such as switches and routers
provide traffic- control strategies for the
network. All sorts of different technologies
can actually be employed to move data
from one place to another, including wires,
radio waves, and even microwave
technology

Three Network Topologies

Bus - Both ends of the network must be terminated with a terminator.

A barrel connector can be used to extend it.

Star - All devices revolve around a central hub, which is what controls
the network communications, and can communicate with other hubs.
Range limits are about 100 meters from the hub.

Ring - Devices are connected from one to another, as in a ring. A data

token is used to grant permission for each computer to communicate.

There are also hybrid networks including a star-bus hybrid, star-ring

network, and mesh networks with connections between various
computers on the network. Mesh networks ideally allow each
computer to have a direct connection to each of the other computers.
The topology this documentation deals with most is star topology
since that is what ethernet networks use.

Basic Network Types

Network types are often defined by function or size. The two most
common categories of networks are:

LANs (Local Area Networks)

WANs (Wide Area Networks)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated

devices that share a common communications line or wireless link.
Typically, connected devices share the resources of a single
processor or server within a small geographic area (for example,
within an office building). Usually, the server has applications and
data storage that are shared in common by multiple computer
users. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users
(for example, in a home network) or as many as thousands of users
(for example, in an FDDI network).

A WAN can be defined one of two ways. The book

definition of a WAN is a network that spans large
geographical locations, usually to connect
multiple LANs. This is a general definition, and
not always accurate. A more practical definition
of a WAN is a network that traverses a public or
commercial carrier, using one of several WAN
technologies. A WAN is often under the
administrative control of several organizations
(or providers), and does not necessarily need to
span large geographical distances.

OSI MODEL

NETWORK DEVICES

ANetwork card(also called

aNetwork AdapterorNetwork
Interface Card, orNICfor short) acts
as the interface between a computer
and a network cable. The purpose of
the network card is to prepare, send,
and control data on the network.

A network card usually has two

indicator lights (LEDs):
The green LED shows that the card is
receiving electricity;
The orange (10 Mb/s) or red (100
Mb/s) LED indicates network activity
(sending or receiving data).

HUBS

A special type of network device

called thehubcan be found in many
home and small business networks.
Though they've existed for many
years, the popularity of hubs has
exploded recently, especially among
people relatively new to networking.

SWITCHES

Network switches appear nearly identical tonetwork hubs,

but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a
slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network
switches are capable of inspecting datapacketsas they
are received, determining the source and destination
device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately.
By delivering messages only to the connected device
intended, a network switch conservesnetwork bandwidth
and offers generally better performance than a hub .

As with hubs,Ethernetimplementations of network switches

are the most common. Mainstream Ethernet network switches
support either 10/100MbpsFast Ethernet orGigabit Ethernet
(10/100/1000) standards

HUB VS SWITCH

hub:- It is a multiple-port repeater. any signals send via

the hub is transmitted to all the the ports on the hub
switch:- It transmit data only to the destination port.
hub: Each port of hub is collision domain&broadcast
domain
switch: Each port of switch is collision domain & each
vlan is broadcast domain
hub: is layer 1 device which do not breaks collision
domain.ie if more devices are added the bandwith will
be shared.
switch is layer 2 device which breaks collision
domain.ie every device connected to the switch has the
equal bandwidth

ROUTER

A router is specializedcomputerconnected to more than

onenetworkrunningsoftwarethat allows the router to
move data from onenetworkto another. Routers operate at
thenetworklayer (OSI Model'slayer 3). The primary
function of a router is to connectnetworkstogether and
keep certain kinds of broadcast traffic under control. There
are several companies that make routers:Cisco (Linksys),
Juniper,Nortel(BayNetworks),Redback,Lucent,3Com, and
HPjust to name a few.
Routers used in networks perform the following functions:
Restrict broadcaststo the LAN
Act as thedefault gateway.
Move (route) data between networks
Learn and advertiseloop free paths

MAIN FUCTIONS OF ROUTER

Routing
Packet Switching
Packet Forwarding
Packet Filtering

A SMALL COLLEGE NETWORK

SOFTWARE USED
Cisco packet tracer-:
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows
students to experiment with network behavior and ask what if
questions. As an integral part of the Networking Academy comprehensive
learning experience, Packet Tracer provides simulation, visualization,
authoring, assessment, and collaboration capabilities and facilitates the
teaching and learning of complex technology concepts.

Packet Tracer supplements physical equipment in the classroom by

allowing students to create a network with an almost unlimited number of
devices, encouraging practice, discovery, and troubleshooting. The
simulation-based learning environment helps students develop 21st
century skills such as decision making, creative and critical thinking, and
problem solving. Packet Tracer complements the Networking Academy
curricula, allowing instructors to easily teach and demonstrate complex
technical concepts and networking systems design.

GNS(graphical network simulator)-:

GNS is a graphical network simulator that allows simulation of complex

networks.

To provide complete and accurate simulations, GNS3 is strongly linked with:

Dynamips, a Cisco IOS emulator.

Dynagen, a text-based front end for Dynamips.

Qemu, a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizes.

Virtual Box, a free and powerful virtualization software.

GNS3 is an excellent complementary tool to real labs for network engineers,

administrators and people wanting to study for certifications such as Cisco
CCNA, CCNP, CCIP and CCIE as well as Juniper JNCIA, JNCIS and JNCIE.

It can also be used to experiment features of Cisco IOS, Juniper JunOS or to

check configurations that need to be deployed later on real routers.

EXPLANATION

COMMAND SNAPSHOT
Enabling Router

Ipv6 addressing

Ip Routing(static)

IPv6 OSPF(open Shortest path first)

Tunneling

DHCP(Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol )

DHCP(Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol )

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Vlan(Virtual lan)

Encapsulation(PPP)

TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

Bibliography

CCNA Study Guide v2.52 Aaron

Balchunas
The CTDP Networking Guide - Mark
Allen
CCNA Study Guide Todd lammle

THANK YOU