Analisa Gerak

di Air

W. Prasasti Mutiadesi, M.D

Aquatic
Locomotion
The problem of moving the body
trough water is not so different from
that moving on land.
As in walking, it is necessary to push
againts something to move the body
from one place to another.

Differences Between Locomotion

In Water & On Land :
1. The body is concerned with
buoyancy rather than with the force
of gravity
2. The medium through which it moves
affords more resistance to the body
3. Customary to maintain a horizontal
position

Swimming
In swimming, as in all motion, the initial
mechanical problem is to overcome the inertia of
the body.
Once the body is in motion, the problem is to
overcome the forces that tend to hinder it.
Water as supporting medium & source of
resistance.
The hands and feet depend on the reaction force of the
water in order that the force may be transmitted to the
body.
At the same time, the body must overcome the
resistance afforded by the water.

 The speed obtained in swimming any

stroke depends on the stroke length and
stroke frequency.
Swimming stroke is repeating a specific
body motion to propel that body forward.
The length of the stroke : the result of
the forces that move the swimmer forward
in reaction to the movements of the arms
and legs, and of the resistance of the
water in the opposite direction.

Lift & Drag

The actions of the arms and legs
appear to result in a combination of
lift and drag forces that then propel
the body forward.

4 Types of Water
Resistance
Act to decrease the stroke length.
Form drag or pressure drag : is the resistance that is
due to the surface area of the front of the body as it
meets the oncoming water has the greatest effect on
retarding the swimmer. Stream lining the body by
changing its position in the water decreases form drag.
Surface drag : caused by the resistance of the water
next to the body. Although it has little effect on forward
progress. Swimmers have been known to shave the hair
from their bodies as a means of decreasing skin friction.

 Wave drag : occurs at the surface as

the body moves along, partially lift in
water and partially in air . The amount
of this resistance is a form an additional
resistance to forward progress depends
on both the speed and movements of
the body as it progresses through the
water.
Turbulence : forms behind the body,
causing it to pull some water along with
it.

Stroke Frequency
The frequency of the stroke
depends on the amount of time
spent per stroke cycle.
Related to the nature of the stroke
pattern and the muscles torques of
the arms and legs

Mechanical Principles Applied to

Swimming
Less force is needed to keep an
object moving than to overcome that
to overcome its inertia.
The body will move in the opposite
direction from that in which the force
is applied.
Forward motion in swimming is
produced through a combination of
drag force and lift force.

 Maximum force is attained by

presenting as broad a surface as
possible in the propulsive movement
of the limbs and by exerting a
backward pressure through as great
a distance as possible, provided
undesirable forces are not
inadvertently introduced.

 Momentum may be transferred from

one body or part to another body or
part.
The height of the body position in the
water depends on the swimmers
buoyancy and speed of moving
through the water.
When a body is free in a fluid,
movement of part in one direction
results in movement of the rest of

 A rapidly moving body in the water

leaves a low-pressure area
immediately behind it.
The more streamlined the body, the
less the water resistance to progress
through the water.
The drag on a body in any fluid
increases approximately with the
square of the velocity.

 The sudden or quick movement of a

swimmers body, or one of its parts,
at the surface of the water tends to
cause whirls. These create lowpressure areas that have a retarding
effect on the swimmer.

5 Types ofSwimming
Styles
Front Crawl
You will commonly hear the front crawl referred to as
the freestyle stroke, the majority of the swimmers in a
freestyle event use it because it provides the most
speed.
The front crawl calls for you to kick hard with your feet,
while bringing your arms over your head and into the
water one at a time.
You must keep your body as straight as possible, as
any lateral movements will slow you down.
Your breathing also holds importance, as you must
time the breaths that you take with your swimming
strokes.

 Backstroke
The backstroke has many similarities to the
front crawl, except that you float on your back,
rather than propelling your front through the
water first.
You will begin this stroke by floating in the
water with your lungs on the surface, but the
rest of your body beneath the water.
You must keep yourself horizontal as you
move through the water, which you will
achieve through your leg kicks.
Your stroke will involve pulling the water
beneath you, which will propel your body
through the water.

 Butterfly
The butterfly stroke calls for you to bring both
arms over your head at the same time and push
them into the water to propel yourself.
The butterfly stroke uses a dolphin-style kick,
which means that your legs will stay straight
and together as you kick them through the
water.
When using the butterfly stroke, you must
remember to stabilize yourself with your core
and create a rhythm between the underwater
and above-water portions of the stroke.

 Breaststroke
The breaststroke uses a frog-style kick, where
you will bend your knees and then kick your
legs out beneath the water.
Your arm stroke will begin with a sweep out
from your breast and then a sweep in back to
your breast.
Make sure that your body remains completely
straight between your strokes, as this will
allow your body to move through the water
easily at this time

 Sidestroke
Although not used in competition, the
sidestroke holds importance for swimmers
because you can use it to rescue someone,
since it only requires one arm.
The stroke resembles picking apples, as you
will float on your side, reach up like when
picking an apple and then reach down like
when putting the apple into a basket.
You can glide in between strokes, which allows
you to move easily through the water.

Analysis of the Sprint

Crawl
The Head & Trunk
The Arm Stroke
Entry & Support
Catch, pull, and push
Release & recovery

The Kick
Nature of movement
Downstroke
Upstroke

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

The Head & Trunk
Three important functions:
1. Minimize resistance
2. Enable the swimmer to breath
3. Provide a stable anchorage for the
arm and leg muscles to effect a
maximum propulsive force

 The position of the body key to

reducing resistance.
The flatter the body, the less drag
there will be to decrease the
swimmers speed.
Body is a horizontal as possible
Feet below the surface
Head breaking the water at the hairline

 If head is held too high swimmers

legs drop broader frontal surface
more resistance.
Static contraction of rectus
abdominis holds spine in a slightly
flexed position, or incomplete
extension.
Pelvis is in a position of slightly
decreased inclination.

 Lateral movements of the trunk will increase

resistance to forward movements should be
minimized.
Circular movements of the arms, legs or head
cause a counter movement of the rest of the
body.
Turning the head to breath must be
accomplished with the least possible
interference
Do not lift the head to breath
Rotate it on longitudinal axis while tucking the chin

 After a quick inhalation, face is

turned forward with the eyes in the
horizontal plane and the nose and
chin in the midsagital of body.
Sprints are better swim with fewer
breathing cycles because the turning
of the head (even done properly)
cause additional resistance.

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Entry and Support
Entry should place the arm in the
most advantageous position for
exerting force (because the arm
stroke provides approx. 85% total
power)
Forearm high and elbow pointing to the
side
Hands passes in front of of shoulder,
reaches forward, and driven forward and
downward into the water directly in front

 The brief moment between entry and

the beginning of the propulsive
action is called the support phase
Purpose is to keep the head and
shoulders high in the water
Pressure of forearm and hand is mostly
downward and then backward,
producing and upward and forward
reactive force

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Catch, pull, & push
Catch: propulsive action changes form
downward to backward
A quick inward movement to the hand
and arm that serves to bring the hand to
a position in front of the axis of the body
Upper arm is vertical, and favors use of
the large muscles; pectoralis major and
latissimus dorsi for pulling downward
and backward

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Catch, pull, & push
Pull: elbow should be kept high during
the first part of the pull
By bending the elbow the arm is pulled
under the body
Maximum bend occurs halfway through
the pull, when the hand begins to push
water backward
Elbow action assists in producing an Scurve, which creates propulsive lift

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Catch, pull, & push
In the pull phase the feel is as if the hand
is being pushed backward through the
water.
The transition of pull to push occurs as the
arm passes under the shoulder.
Push : The upper arm remains nearly
vertical as the forearm gradually extends
until it is in front of the hip, at which time
the upper arm extends and the hand gives
a quick push backward.

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Release & recovery
The elbow is now near the surface
with the hand slightly lower &
posterior to it and the palm facing
mostly upward.
The pressure of the forearm and
hand now being relaxed, the elbow
and shoulder are raised until the
hand is out of the water

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Arm Stroke: Release & recovery
The elbow leaves the water first and
swings forward and upward with the
hand trailing behind it, moving from
a position near to the hip to a
position in front of the shoulder,
preparatory to new entry.

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

The Kick : Nature of Movement
Most often used is the flutter kick
Primary role is a stabilizer and
neutralizer
timing with arms is therefore critical

Legs are relatively close together as

they alternate in an up and down
movement
Feet attain a maximum stride of 1 to 2
feet
Whiplike or lashing action for both the

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

The Kick : Downstroke
Begins with downward drive of the
thigh
Thigh flexes only slightly, knee
extends completely by the end of the
stroke
Ankle and foot remain in plantar
flexion
Dorsiflexors contract statically to
stabilize foot against pressure of the
water

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

The Kick : Upstroke
Begins with thigh extension
Slight knee flexion develops near the
end ot he stroke
Foot stops just below the surface

Analysis of the Sprint Crawl

Additional Factors
Timing and coordination of the
arm and leg strokes and of the
breathing
Rhythm of the stroke as a whole

Relaxation of the body

Flexibility of the joint
Shoulders and ankles

Aquatic Locomotion
Rowing, Canoeing, & Kayaking

Rowing
Much of the propulsive force is
generated by the legs.
The rowing stroke, two distinct phase
:
The pull phase
The recovery phase

Rowing
The Pull Phase
Force applied to the water by the oar
blade
The pull is initiated through
extension of the flexed lower
extremities in a push like motion,
followed by trunk extension and then
upper extremity pull.

Rowing
The Recovery Phase
The oar blade is lifted clear of the
water by downward pressure on the
grip, or inboard, end of the oar.
The oar is then feathered, or rotated
so that blade slices through the air
parallel to the airflow.

Rowing
The Recovery Phase
The legs and trunk are flexed and the
upper arms are horizontally adducted
and elbows extended, pushing the
oar into position for the next stroke

Canoeing
The paddle in canoeing is held in both
hands, free of external support.
In paddling, stroke is primarily performed
by the arms, shoulders, and trunk.
Paddler faces the direction of travel.
Stroke is involve reaching out either in a
forward or sideward direction and pulling
the paddle blade through the water.

 The beginning of the stroke produces

a downward force and a lifting effect.
The end of the stroke produces an
upward force the depresses the
canoe.
Smooth canoeing emphasizes the
backward movement of the blade.

Kayaking
A key difference between kayaks and
other small craft is the use of a
double-bladed paddle. (perpendicular
to one another)
Involve the wrist & arm motion in the
propulsion phase of the stroke on one
side will cause the blade on the
opposite side to feather during
recovery.

 Because kayak is long and slender, it

is less stable in the water than
canoe, etc.
To increase stability :
Kayaker must sits low in the bottom of
the boat
Legs extended forward
Knees slightly flexed
Feet braced on a rib of the board

 The paddle stroke is produced

primarily by the upper body in a
continuous motion