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Growth

irreversible increase
in volume
cell expansion driven
by turgor pressure
sum of local cell
expansions

Measures of plant growth


increase in cell volume

increase in dry weight

increase in cell number


(unicellulars)

Relative elemental growth


rate
fractional change in length

per unit time.


magnitude and location of
extension rate
r = (1/L)(dL/dt).

Pertumbuhan &
Perkembangan
PERTUMBUHAN
Yaitu proses pertambahan jumlah, bentuk,
ukuran serta fungsi sel akibat adanya
pembelahan sel.
Bersifat kuantitatif, dapat diukur dengan
suatu alat ukur tertentu, serta dapat
terlihat secara fisik.
Bersifat irreversibel
Untuk tanaman dapat diukur dengan
Auksanometer (busur tumbuhan pada
tanaman). Untuk manusia dan hewan
dengan menggunakan alat ukur yang
beragam.

Pertumbuhan & Perkembangan


PERKEMBANGAN
Yaitu proses menuju kedewasaan
(kematangan pada sel).
Bersifat kualitatif dan tidak dapat diukur
dengan suatu alat.
Ditandai dengan berfungsinya alat-alat
reproduksi pada makhluk hidup.
Untuk tanaman dengan keluarnya bunga
serta buah. Untuk manusia dan hewan
dengan mulai berfungsinya alat
reproduksi yaitu menghasilkan sel gamet
jantan (sperma) dan sel gamet betina
(ovum), serta melangsungkan keturunan.

The Growth
Hormones

IAAs and compounds of same biological


activities
promote cell elongation
promote cell division
form adventitious roots

Synthesis sites of IAA


shoot apical meristems
young leaves
developing fruits and seeds
all parts of plant

Concentrations of IAA in different


regions of the shoot of a wild-type
tobacco plant. The bars at the
different regions indicate the auxin
concentrations found in leaves and
stems. (After Sitbon et al. 1991.)

Apical dominance
Inhibition of the growth of lateral buds by

growing apical bud

Maintain cell viability

delay in the onset of leaf abscision


regulation of the floral bud development
promotion of fruit development

Penyembuhan luka
dan keterlibatan
auxin

Auxin
Pengembangan sel
Phototropisme
Geotropisme
Apical dominasi
Pertumbuhan akar (root initiation)
Parthenocarpy
Abisission
Pembentukan callus (callus formation) dan
Respirasi
Pengembangan sel

Gibberelli
ns

Gibberelins
stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell
division and elongation
stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long
days
breaks seed dormancy in some plants which
require stratification or light to induce
germination
stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in
germinating cereal grains for mobilization of
seed reserves
can cause seedless (parthenocarpic) fruit
development
can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits

Difference between Auxin & Gibberellin:

AUXIN

GIBBERELLIN

regulates elongation in
grass seedlings and
herbs
stimulates only cellular
elongation

controls elongation in
the mature regions of
trees and shrubs
stimulates cell division
and elongation

Can NOT tolerate high


levels of auxin

can tolerate high levels


of gibberellin

has more of an effect


on roots

has little effect on


roots

Cytokinins
Found in active dividing
structures, seeds, fruits, leaves
and root tips
Central to tissue culture
methods and extremely
important in biotech.
modifying apical growth.
The cytokinin/auxin ratio
regulates the production of
roots and shoots in tissue
cultures

AUXIN VS CYTOKININ
Auxins:
- They are produced in the apical part of the
plant.
- They prevent the development of the
axillary buds.
- They favour the rhizogenesis ...
(development
of roots).
Cytokinins:
- They are produced in the roots.
- They prevent the development of roots.
- They favour the development of the
axillary buds.

Ethylene
Plays a role in fruit ripening
Promotes abscission (shedding of leaves,
flowers and fruit)
Triggers enzymes that promote fruit
loosening from trees
Auxin prevents abscission (prevents
preharvest)
High concentration does the opposite

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

First discovered as dormin and abscisin


Dormin ash and potatoes
In other plants abscisin
Identical compounds now called Abscisic
acid
Levels increase during early seed
development
Stimulates the productio of seed storage
protein
Prevents premature seed germination
Decline in ABA leads to germination

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