Internet

Internet
Internet is the

network of
networks i.e.
global network
which make
WWW (world
wide web)

The Internet
The internet
A network of networks
The internet transmits data from one

computer (called a host) to another

Internet networks
Linked networks that work much the
same way -- they pass data around in
packets, each of which carries the
addresses of its sender and receiver
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A network of networks, joining many

government, university and private

computers together and providing an
infrastructure for the use of E-mail,
bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext
documents, databases and other
computational resources

History
1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency) contracts with BBN (Bolt,

Beranek & Newman) to create ARPAnet

1970 - First five nodes:

UCLA
Stanford
UC Santa Barbara
U of Utah, and
BBN

1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf

1984 On January 1, the Internet with

its 1000 hosts converts en masse to

using TCP/IP for its messaging

Development of the Internet

1956 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st satellite; USA
Department of Defense (DOD) forms
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1962 Packet-switched network concept
1969 DOD starts ARPANET for networking research
1974 Protocol for packet internetworking
Transmission Control Program (TCP)
1981 BITNET (Because Its Time Network) provided
widespread email access.
Minitel is deployed across France by French
Telecom
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1982Internet Protocol (IP)

established
TCP/IP

1984Domain Name Server (DNS)

introduced and number of host is
1,000

1986NSFNET created a high speed

backbone (56Kbps) to interconnect
supercomputer centers

1987Number of hosts breaks 10,000

1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 and

NSFNET is upgraded to T1 line (1.544 Mbps)
Commercial email carrier (Compuserve)
connects to the Internet
1990 ARPANET ceases to exist;
MCI mail connects to the Internet
1991 WAIS released by Thinking Machines
Corporation to aid information search
Gopher released by U of Minnesota
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1992 WWW released by CERN (a physics research

institute in Switzerland)
Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
NSFNET upgraded to T3 line (44.736 Mbps)
1993 WWW annual growth rate 341,634%
Whitehouse goes online
president@whitehouse.gov
United Nations & World Bank go on-line.
US National Infrastructure Act championed by Al
Gore.
Mosaic developed by National Supercomputer
Center

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1994 Netscape

Communities become wired to the Internet

For example, Blacksburg, VA - bus & movie
schedules on-line, town meetings, etc.
US Senate and House go on-line
Mass marketing frenzy on the Internet
USA sales at cybermalls grows to $200
million versus $50 billion in catalog sales &
$1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales.
1995 *.com sites exceed *.edu sites
1996 Electronic commerce gets going seriously
1998 The government uses the Internet for public
dissemination of information (or political
assassination ) by publishing Starrs report
on the Internet.
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History
The Internet grew out of an experiment in

the 1960s by the U.S. Department of

Defense. The DoD wanted to create a
computer network that would continue to
function in the event of a disaster, such as a
nuclear war. If part of the network was
damaged or destroyed, the rest of the
system still had to work. That network was
ARPANET, (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network) which linked U.S. scientific
and academic researchers. It was the
forerunner of today's Internet.
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The Creation of the Internet

The creation of the Internet solved the

following challenges:
Basically inventing digital networking as we

know it
Survivability of an infrastructure to send /
receive high-speed electronic messages
Reliability of computer messaging

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Internet Growth Trends

1977:
111 hosts on Internet
1981:
213 hosts
1983:
562 hosts
1984:
1,000 hosts
1986:
5,000 hosts
1987:
10,000 hosts
1989:
100,000 hosts
1992:
1,000,000 hosts
2001:
150 175 million hosts
2002:
over 200 million hosts
By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on

the Internet

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How the Internet Works

Transport control protocol (TCP)
A protocol that operates at the transport

layer and is used in combination with IP by

most Internet applications
Backbone
An Internet high-speed, long distance
communications links (like a bus; wire that
connects nodes)
Uniform resource locator (URL)
An assigned address on the Internet for
each computer
E.g., http://www.yorku.ca/
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Three Ways to Access the

Internet

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Access to the Internet

LAN servers
Local servers can provide access to the Internet

through normal connections (e.g., Ethernet)

Serial line internet protocol (SLIP) and

Point-to-point protocol (PPP)

Communications protocol software that transmits

packets over telephone lines, allowing dial-up

access to the Internet

Connection via an on-line service

Examples are America Online and Microsoft

Network. These services usually require sign-up

procedures
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Net structure
The Web

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physically consists
of your personal
computer, web
browser software,
a connection to an
Internet service
provider,
computers called
servers that host
digital data, and
routers and
switches to direct
the flow of
information.

Web Browser
A web browser is the

software program you use to

access the World Wide Web,
the graphical portion of the
Internet. The first browser,
called NCSA Mosaic, was
developed at the National
Center for Supercomputing
Applications in the early
1990s. The easy-to-use
point-and-click interface
helped popularize the Web.
Microsoft Internet Explorer
and Netscape Navigator are
the two most popular ones.

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Navigating the Web

The Web is known as a

client-server system. Your

computer is the client; the
remote computers that store
electronic files are the
servers. To visit the website,
enter the address or URL of
the website in your web
browser. Browser requests
the web page from the web
server that hosts the
requested site. The server
sends the data over the
Internet to your computer.
Your web browser interprets
the data, displaying it on
your computer screen.

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Navigating the Web

The "glue" that holds the Web together is

called hypertext and hyperlinks. This

feature allows electronic files on the Web to
be linked so you can jump easily between
them.
Web pages are written in a computer
language called Hypertext Markup
Language or HTML.

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Web Addresses
World Wide Web is a network of electronic

files stored on millions of computers all

around the world. Hypertext links these
resources together. Uniform Resource
Locators or URLs are the addresses used to
locate the files. Every URL is unique and
identifies one specific file.
example:
http://www.du.ac.in
The home page of Delhi University.
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Domain Names
Every computer that hosts data on the Internet

has a unique numerical address. For example,

the numerical address for the White House is
198.137.240.100. But since few people want to
remember long strings of numbers, the Domain
Name System (DNS) was invented. DNS, a
critical part of the Internet's technical
infrastructure, correlates a numerical address
to a word. To access the White House website,
you could type its number into the address box
of your web browser. But most people prefer to
use "www.whitehouse.gov." In this case, the
domain name is whitehouse.gov.

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The Structure of a Domain

A domain name has two or more parts

Name

separated by dots and consists of some

form of an organization's name and a three
letter or more suffix. For example, the
domain name for IBM is "ibm.com"; the
United Nations is "un.org." The domain
name suffix is known as a generic toplevel domain (gTLD). It describes the
type of organization.

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Domain Affiliations
Domain

Affiliations

arts

cultural and entertainment activities

com

business organizations

edu

educational sites

firm

businesses and firms

gov

government sites

info

information service providers

mil

military sites

nom

individuals

net

networking organizations

org

organizations

rec

recreational activities

store

businesses offering goods for purchase

web

entities related to World Wide Web activities

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Bookmarks and Favorites

Bookmarks and Favorites save Web addresses

so you can return to them quickly. To save a

web page, go to the Bookmarks or Favorites
menu or click on its icon and select Add. When
you click on the icon again, the title of the page
you recorded will appear at the bottom of the
list. To access the page, just double-click on the
title.

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TCP/IP
TCP/IP ensures that messages are properly

routed from sender to receiver and that these

messages arrive intact.
UDP User datagram protocol
With UDP, computer applications can send

messages, in this case referred to as datagrams,

to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP)
network without requiring prior communications
to set up special transmission channels or data
paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal
Datagram Protocol.
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The Internet architecture is based on the

standard TCP/IP protocol, designed to connect

any two networks which may be very different in
internal hardware, software, and technical design.
Once two networks are interconnected,
communication with TCP/IP is enabled end-to-end
so that any node on the Internet has the ability to
communicate with any other no matter where
they are.
An IP address is a 32 bit long identifier that
encodes a network number (or network
prefix) and a host number
192.168.11.2
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Network
Address

Host Address

Dotted Decimal notation

IP addresses are written in a so-called

dotted decimal notation

Each byte is identified by a decimal number
in the range
[0..255]:
Example

1000000
0
1st byte

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1000111
1

2nd byte

1000100
1

3rd byte

128.143.137.144

1001000
0

4th byte

Packet Switching

TCP = TRANSMISSION
CONTROL
PROTOCOL
(Breaks messages into pa
and reassembles them)
IP = INTERNET
PROTOCOL
(Moves packets around
the Internet)

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SOURCE: J. DECEMBER

Protocol
protocols define format, order of msgs

sent and received among network

entities, and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
It is a set of rules and regulation.

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HUB
A common connection point for devices in a

network. Hubs are commonly used to

connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains
multiple ports. When a packet arrives at
one port, it is copied to the other ports so
that all segments of the LAN can see all
packets.

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Packets
A piece of a message transmitted over a

packet-switching network. One of the key

features of a packet is that it contains the
destination address in addition to the data.
In IP networks, packets are often called
datagrams.

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Router
A router is a networking device whose

software and hardware are usually tailored

to the tasks of routing and forwarding
information. For example, on the Internet,
information is directed to various paths by
routers.
Cisco 1800 Router

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Nortel ERS 8600

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Search engine
Index..
Web Crawling
Before a search engine can tell you where a file or

document is, it must be found. To find information on

the hundreds of millions of Web pages that exist, a
search engine employs special software robots, called
spiders, to build lists of the words found on Web sites.
When a spider is building its lists, the process is called
Web crawling. (There are some disadvantages to
calling part of the Internet the World Wide Web -- a
large set of arachnid-centric names for tools is one of
them.) In order to build and maintain a useful list of
words, a search engine's spiders have to look at a lot
of pages.
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