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PURPOSE
To explain the processes involved in the
formation and working of natural or
sociocultural phenomena

TEXT ORGANIZATION
A general statement to position the reader
A sequenced explanation of why or how

something occurs
Closing

LANGUANGE
FEATURES
Focus on generic, non-humamn
participants
The use of general and abstract nouns
The use of action verbs
The use of simple present tense
The use of passive voice
The use of conjunctions of time and cause
The use noun phrases
The use of complex sentences
The use of technical languange

EXAMPLE:

Making Paper from Woodchips

Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and

paper products from forest trees. The woodchipping
process begins when the trees are cut down in a
selected area of the forest called a coupe.

General
statement

Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out
and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the
bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to aSequence of explanatio
chipper which cuts them into small pieces called
woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to
remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are
either exported in this form or changed into pulp by
Closing
chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached
and the
water content is removed.
Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural
disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions.
Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra.
It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you
know how an earthquake happens?
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground
suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground
shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing
against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide
smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other,
but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of
all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the
earthquake occurs.
During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks
of rock start moving, and they continue to move until
they get stuck again. The spot underground where the
rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The
place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the

Easy to fry, quickly expand and save the oil usage. Easy to serve,
sun-drying is not needed. Fried crackers can be stored in a jar. Can be
serve as a snack and topping of many various dishes.
Ingredients:
Fresh garlic , selected tapioca flour , fresh vegetables, sugar, egg,
and sal Pour enough frying oil into a pan and wait until the oil is
sufficiently hot. Then drop the crackers in, after a while turn them over
until they fully expand. Take them out from the pan and lay them on
absorbent paper
1. What is the text about?
a. Frying oil
b. Fresh garlic
c. Fried crackers
d. Various dishes
e. Selected tapioca
2. Which statement is NOT correct according to the text?
a. These crackers can be served as a snack
b. It is not difficult to serve fried crackers
c. We need a lot of hot oil to cook these crackers
d. The crackers will expand fast when the frying oil is hot
e. These crackers can be served as topping of many various
dishes

3. Pour enough frying oil into a pan and ....

The underlined word means........
a. a lot of
b. sufficient
c. a little
d. a huge
e. a tiny

Facsimile, often called fax, is a way of transmitting texts and

pictures over telephone lines. News services often use facsimile to
send news, stories, and photographs to newspaper and television
stations. Banks, law firms, and other businesses use facsimile to
send copies of documents to clients and other organizations.
A device called a facsimile machine is used for transmitting and
receiving images. Facsimile machines resemble small photocopiers.
However, they equipped with a telephone or are connected to one.
To send a document, the user inserts it into the machine and dials
the telephone number of receiving fax machine. After the connection
is made, an electronic scanner on the transmitting machine moves
across the page and converts the image into a set of electric signals.
These signals travel over the telephone line to he receiving fax
machine. That machine converts the electric signals back into an
image of the original document and then prints a copy.
Some business people use small desktop fax machines or
portable models at home or when they travel. A personal computer
can also be used to send and receive documents if it is equipped
with a special electronic circuit board called a fax board.

4. What is the main information in the second

paragraph?
a. A facsimile machine is a small photocopier
b. A facsimile machine is equipped with a
telephone to
transmit images.
c. A facsimile machine is used for transmitting
and receiving
images
d. A facsimile machine uses the electric signals
back into an
5. What
do you call the device in the facsimile
image
thatmachine
convertssends
the image
of the to
document
e.machine
A facsimile
documents
into a places
set of electric signals?
distant
a. A copier
b. A converter
c. A telephone
d. An electronic scanner
e. A transmitting machine

6. What do you need to enable your computer

to send and receive documents like a fax?
a. A fax board
b. A transmitter
c. A signal converter
d. An electronic circuit
e. An electronic scanner

7. Facsimile , often called fax , is a way of transmitting texts

and picture over telephone lines (paragraph 1)
The underlined word may be replaced by........
a. Sending
b. Changing
c. Processing
d. Translating
e. Connecting