Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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N U T R IT IO N
ANTIDIARRHEAL
Adsorption
Similar to Adsorbent
but it involves in
chemical binding with
substances (e.g. ions &
bacterial toxins)
Act by coating the
walls of the GI tract.
It will bind with those
causative bacteria or
toxin for elimination
through the stool.
Anti-cholinergic drugs
Intestinal flora modifiers
Works to slow
down
the From bacterial cultures. Opiates
peristalsis
by
reducing rhythmic
contractions
and
smooth muscle tone
of the GI tract.
Often used combine
with adsorbents and
opiates.
Most
commonly;
Lactobacillus
organisms.
Most
commonly
destroyed
by
antibiotics.
Works by exogenously
replenishing bacteria,
restore normal flora
and
suppress
the
growth of diarrheacausing bacteria.
Reduce bowel
motility.
Secondary
effect, reduction
of pain a/w
diarrhea
by
relief of rectal
spasms.
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Antidiarrheal
Drug allergy
Major acute
Body System
Adverse Effects
Adsorbents
(bismuth subsalicylate)
Hematologic
Increased bleeding
Gastrointestinal
CNS
Confusion, twitching
Other
Genitourinary
CNS
Cardiovascular
Integumentary
Anticholinergics
(atropine, hyoscyamine,
hyoscine)
Opiates
(codeine)
Body System
Adverse Effects
CNS
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Respiratory depression
Cardiovascular
Genitourinary
Urinary retention
Integumentary
DRUG PROFILES
Dosages
Pharmacokinetics
Adsorbents
Life span considerations
Bismuth subsalicylate
*available OTC for oral use
DRUG PROFILES
Dosages
Adult
Pharmacokinetics
Anticholinergics
Contraindications
Half-life = unknown
Onset = 1-2 hr.
Peak
= 2-3 hr.
Duration
= 6-8 hr.
*for anticholinergic effects
Combinations of
DRUG PROFILES
Dosages
Pediatric 2-5 yr. = 1 mg (liquid only)
Pediatric 6-8 yr. = 2 mg
Pediatric 9-12 yr. = 2 mg
Adult
= 4 mg followed by 2mg
after each BM (not exceed
16mg/day)
Diphenoxylate with
atropine
Pharmacokinetics*
Opiates
DRUG PROFILES
LAXATIVES
CAUSE OF CONSTIPATION
Cause of constipation
Cause
Examples
Lifestyles
Neurogenic disorders
Emollient
laxatives
Hyperosmotic
laxatives
Similar to fiber
containing diet.
Absorb water into
the
intestine,
which
increase
bulk and distends
the
bowel
to
initiate
reflex
bowel activity
Referred to stool
softeners
and
lubricant laxatives
Lowering
the
surface tension of
GI fuids
So
that
more
water & fats are
absorbed into the
stool
and
intestines.
Lubricant
type,
lubricate the fetal
material
and
intestinal wall and
prevent
water
absorption into the
intestines
Increasing water
content, results in
distension,
increased
peristalsis,
and
evacuation.
Site
of
action
limited to the large
intestine.
Saline laxatives
Increase osmotic
pressure in the
small intestine by
inhibiting
water
absorption
and
increasing
both
water
and
electrolyte
(salt)
secretion
from
bowel wall into the
bowel lumen.
Results
watery
stool.
Increased
distention
promotes
peristalsis
and
evacuation.
Stimulant
laxatives
Stimulate
the
nerves
that
innervate
the
intestines
Increased
peristalsis
Also increase fliud
in colon, which
increases the bulk
and soften stools.
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Drug allergy; caution if presence the following of,
a. Appendicitis symptoms (such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting)
Fecal impaction
Intestinal obstruction
Undiagnosed abdominal pain
ADVERSE EFFECT
Categories
Adverse Effects
Emollient
Skin rashes
Decreased absorption of vitamins
Lipid pneumonia
Hyperosmotic
Abdominal bloating
Rectal irritation
Saline
Cramping
Diarrhea
Stimulant
DRUG PROFILES
All OTC
Half-life
Unk.
Onset
12-24 hr
Peak
Unk.
Duratio
n
Unk.
Pharmacokinetics
Bulk
-formin
g
Psyllium
Methylcellulose
DRUG PROFILES
Half-life
Unk.
Onset
1-3 days
Peak
Unk.
Duratio
n
1-3 days
Contraindicated with
pt. having intestinal
obstruction or fecal
impaction, abdominal
pain and/or nausea
and vomiting
ANTIEMETIC &
ANTINAUSEA DRUG
Acetylcholine
Dopamine D2
Histamine H1
Prostaglandins
GI tract
Serotonin
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Anticholinergic drug; bind to and blocking acetylcholine (ACh) receptor in vestibular nuclei, also dry the
GI secretions and reduce smooth muscle spasms
Antihistamines; HI blockers, bind primarily H1 receptor. Prevent cholinergic stimulation in both vestibular
and reticular systems.
Serotonin blockers; blocking serotonin receptors. Located throughout the body, CNS, smooth muscles,
platelets and GI tract.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); inhibitory effects on reticular formation, thalamus and cerebral cortex. Cause
an alteration in mood and the bodys perception of its surrounding thus relieve nausea and vomiting.
MINERALS
CALCIUM
MAGNESIUM
PHOSPHORUS
ZINC
Mineral
Types
Mechanism of Action
Indications
Menopause
Pancreatitis
Pregnancy
and lactation
PMS
Vitamin D
deficiency
Adult
osteomalaci
a
Muscle
cramps
Contraindications
Hypercalcemia
Ventricular fibrillation
of heart
Allergy
Adverse
effects
Interactions
Hypercalce
mia can
occur
Symptom:
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
constipatio
n
Calium salts
will chelate
(bind) with
tetracyclines
to produce
an insoluble
complex
Mineral
Types
Mechanism of Action
Indications
Magnesium
deficiency
Preeclampsi
a and
eclampsia
Inhibition of
uterine
contractions
in premature
labor
Cardiac
arrhythmias
Short-term
constipation
Contraindications
Adverse
effects
Interactions
Hypercalce
mia can
occur
Symptom:
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
constipatio
n
Calium salts
will chelate
(bind) with
tetracyclines
to produce
an insoluble
complex