SURVIVAL OF ORGANISM

1. ADAPTATION
2. NATURAL SELECTION
3. REPRODUCTION

1. ADAPTATION
Aswer The question below briefly.
1. What is adaptation ?
2. Why do living things need to adaptation ?
3. What do they do for adaptation !
4. Mention the three types of adaptation
5. Define what each type means !

TYPES OF ADAPTATION
1. Morphological adaptation : related to the adaptive
shape of body parts
2. Physiological adaptation : related to the adaptive body
processes
3. Behavioral adaptation

1.

Structural / Morphological adaptation is

adjustment of body shape or body
organs to the
surrounding. This
adaptation is easiest to
recognize.

Avocet sweeps bill through

mud and surface water in
search of small crustaceans,
insects, and seeds

Ruddy
turnstone
Herring gull is a
searches
tireless scavenger
under shells
and pebbles
for small
Dowitcher probes deeply
invertebrates
into mud in search of
snails, marine worms,
and small crustaceans

Brown pelican
dives for fish,
which it locates
from the air

Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface

Louisiana heron wades into

water to seize small fish
Flamingo
feeds on
minute
organisms
in mud

Scaup and other

diving ducks feed
on mollusks,
crustaceans,and
aquatic vegetation

(Birds not drawn to scale)

Oystercatcher feeds on
clams, mussels, and
other shellfish into which
it pries its narrow beak

Piping plover feeds

on insects and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches

Knot (a sandpiper)
picks up worms and
small crustaceans left
by receding tide

leaf-mimic-frog
leaf-frog

robust-ghost-pipefish
robust-ghost-pipefish

robust-ghost-pipefish

Some
spectacular
adaptations.

2. Physiological Adaptation is adaptation of

function of body organs to surrounding
condition. This adaptation is very difficult to
observe.
The examples of physiological adaptations that
happen in organisms are as follows :
a. Someone who lives in low land, if he moves to high land
will undergo a change in the formation of more red blood
grains. This is because in high land, the level of oxygen
is less, while red bood cell has function to bond oxygen.
To satisfy its need of oxygen, more red blood cell must
be formed.
b. The shape of stamen and pistill in flowering plant thats
suitable with is pollinator.

3. Behavioral adaptation is self adjustment to

the surrounding in the form of behavior. So,
this adaptations is easier to observe because
it is often found in animals.

The examples of behavior adaptations :

a. In intestine of termite lives Protozoa, that is Flagellata
that can help to digest wood, because Flagellata
produces cellulose enzyme.
b. Mammals that live in water, such as whale and dolphine,
breathe by using lungs. To take oxygen, whale and
dolphine appear to water surface to take breath
periodically

c. Some animals migrate,. Migration is the part of life

cycle of many animals, particularly birds. Migration
has purpose to find food.
d. Cameleon can change the color of its skin in
accordance with the surrounding.

Determine the adaptation types from the statements

below!
1. Herbivora have selulase enzym to digest its food.
2. Body form the sea animal
3. The white fur of polar bears
4. Furling of body of milipede animal
5. Fresh water fish release many urine and watery
6. Disert rabbit has the big ear to make cool its body
7. Frog has webbed feet
8. Specific aroma is released by flower which insect pollinated agent
9. The teak trees losing their leaves in the dry season
10. Red blood cell number of people which live in mountain and in
lowland differ

2. NATURAL SELECTION

Charles Darwin

Around the 1800s Darwin

presented a theory which
people still accept today
though there are also
people who doubt it. He
doing exploration about it
and get facts. Base on
those fact. He made a
conclusion which can be
expressed as follow

only individuals in possession of the most

appropriate traits for a particular environment
would be able to survive and regenerate

Nature Selection Theory

the motive of destruction certain organism
Dinosaurs
are extinct
because of
meteor that
fall into our
earth and
cant adapt
with
environment

Form the New Species

(Finch Bird)

Evolutionary Divergence

Each species has a

beak specialized to
take advantage of
certain types of
food resource.

Evidence of Natural Selection

1. The individuals produced by organism in regeneration
are greater in number than those surviving in their
environment
2. Variation is found among individuals of the same
species.
3. Some varieties among members of the population
manage to survive and regenerate better than other
varieties
4. By time, the individuals regenerated having favorable
variations will support the growth of their population

3. REPRODUCTION
The ability of living things to produce
offspring or new individual

What is the importance of repoduction

For the continuation of species and prevents it from
extinction

Identify the reproductive types of the following

organism.

State the difference between sexual

reproduction and asexual reproduction
Differences
Examples of
organisms
Number of parent(s)
involved
Involvement of
fertilisation process
Genetic make-up of
offspring

Sexual reproduction

Asexual
reproduction

State the difference between sexual

reproduction and asexual reproduction
Differences
Examples of
organisms
Number of parent(s)
involved
Involvement of
fertilisation process
Genetic make-up of
offspring

Sexual reproduction

Asexual
reproduction

a. human

a. hydra

b. tiger

b. yeast
two

yes
Different from each
of the parents

one

no
Identical to the
parent

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF
ORGANISMS
* The method of reproduction with which a
new organism is formed from a single
parent organism.
* It does not involve the process of
fertilisation.
* Daughter cells are identical to the parent
cell

The various types of asexual repoduction

(a) DIVISION ( Binary fission )
The mature parent cell divides into two to form two
new orgamism.
Examples : amoeba. Paramaecium, euglena and
bacteria

Binary fission
Binary fission: In binary fission, two individuals are formed from a single
parent.
This type of reproduction is found in organisms like bacteria, yeast and
Amoeba

Multiple fission
: In multiple fission, many individuals are
formed from a single parent.
This type of reproduction by multiple
fission occurs during unfavourable
conditions.
The unicellular organism develops a protective covering called cyst
over the cell.
The nucleus of the cell divides repeatedly producing many nuclei.
Many daughter cells are produced within the cyst. The cyst breaks and
small offsprings are liberated.
This type of reproduction is seen in many algae and in some
protozoans, such as the malarial parasite (Plasmodium)

(b). Budding
The matur parent produces a bud which will grow
and finally detach itself from the parent to form a
new organism.
Examples : yeast and hydra

(c). Fragmentation
This is a type of asexual reproduction in which each
piece of the parent that is detached can grow and
develop into a new individual.
Examples : starfish , planaria

(d). Spore formation

Some non-flowering plants reproduce by the formation
of spores in sporangia (sing. Sporangium)
Examples: mosses, fern and fungi
(e).

Parthenogenesis
The egg can grow into a whole animal without
fertilization.
Examples: bees and termites

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF
ORGANISM
It involves the fusion of male and female
gametes (fertilisation) to produce a new
cell.
Produces variation in characteristic among
offdpring