What is an individual?

Of, relating to, or existing as just one member or part of a larger

group
Having a special and unusual quality that is easily seen

Organization Defined
It means the social units (human groupings)
deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek
specific goals
It is a mechanism or structure that enables living
things to work effectively together

Important points of its

definition
1. The organization is always made up of people.
2. The people in an organization interacts
3. The interactions of people are ordered by some structure that
can be described.
4. The structured interactions are designed to achieve the
personal objectives of the people interacting.
5. These interactions which result in the achievement of personal
objectives that may not be the same with the personal
objectives of any member.

Why study the

individuals in an
Organization?
Individual Differences
-are factors such as skills, abilities, personalities,
perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics that differ from one individual to
another.

Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA Framework)

-a helpful way to think about the importance of
individual differences in influencing work behavior

Managers who fail to manage diversity successfully

inevitably fall into one of two traps:
Mirror Image Fallacy
-the belief that the whole world is just like

me
-is attractive because it makes the world seem
much easier to comprehend

Belief in prejudicial stereotypes based on sex or

membership in a racial, ethnic, or age group

Human Behavior Variables

1. The Person
Skills and Abilities
Personality
Perceptions
Attribution
Motivation
Attitudes
Values

2. The Environment
Organization
Work Group
Job

SKILLS VS. ABILITIES VS. APTITUDE

Skills

Learned level of proficiency or observable competence to

perform a specific task

Abilities

Individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a job

- product of both learning and genetic factors

Aptitude

capacity of a person to learn or acquire skills

FACTORS OF ABILITIES
Physical Ability involves the body
Dynamic strength to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over
time
Trunk strength to exert muscular strength using the trunk
Static strength to exert force against external objects
Explosive strength to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of
explosive acts

Extent Flexibility to move the trunk and back muscles

Dynamic Flexibility to make rapid, repeated flexing movements
Body Coordination coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of
the body
Balance to maintain equilibrium
Stamina to continue maximum effort over a period of time

Intellectual or Mental Ability or Intelligence capacity to do mental

activities

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:

Componential Intelligence (analytical) ability to solve problems
Experiential Intelligence (creative) ability to use imagination
Contextual Intelligence (practical) ability to use
ideas of
common sense, wisdom, and street smarts

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Linguistic word smart
Logical-Mathematical number smart
Musical music smart
Spatial art/design/space smart
Bodily-Kinesthetic body smart
Intrapersonal self smart
Interpersonal people smart
Naturalist nature smart

Note: Mere knowing or passion is not enough, one has to be good at any of
those enumerated above to be considered to have possessed such intelligence

PERSONALITY

Behavior - external appearance without being confirmed

the
mind and feelings

or supported by

Character - behavior which is endorsed and directed by the mind

Personality sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts

with others
Ways patterns of behavior that are consistent and enduring

2 DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
Hereditary Factors determined at conception
Environmental Factors pressures of an
individuals personality
formation
1. Cultural Factor customs or traditions
2. Social Factor affiliations
3. Situational Factors responses to
different situations

Emotional Intelligences

Emotional Quotient ability of the person to

accurately,
evaluate, express and
regulate emotions and feelings

FIVE LAYERS OF DEPTH AND FIVE STAGES OF

FORMATION OF PERSONALITY (PLS. FAMILIARIZE)
NOTE: PRECLUDED = EXCLUDED
ENCOMPASSES = INCLUDES

PERCEPTION
- Process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and
respond to info from their environment

Factors Influencing Perception

1. Perceiver
2. Target
3. Situation

PERCEIVER
- Person who interprets things based on what his senses has
allowed him to understand
Factors:
1. Past experiences previous encounter of
certain
situations
2. Needs or motives involves reading a
persons
mind
3. Personality - upbringing
4. Values and attitudes principles, behavior or actions
undertaken given same situation of other people had
happen
to him

TARGET AND SITUATION

Modifying Factors:
Target:
1. Contrast
2. Intensity
3. Figure-ground separation
4. Size
5. Motion
6. Repetition or novelty
Situation:
1. Time
2. Work Setting
3. Social Setting

ATTRIBUTION
Attribution Theory is the process by which people
ascribe causes to the behavior they perceive.

Common Attribution Errors

1. The Fundamental Attribution Errors
- refers to the tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or
personal factors in the behaviour of others.
2. Self- Serving Bias
- is that type of attribution error whereby people tend to
attribute their achievements to their good inner qualities, whereas
they attribute their failures to adverse factors within the
environment.

Factors that Influence

Attribution
1. Distinctiveness
- The consideration given to how consistent a persons behaviour is
across different situations.
2. Consensus
- This refers to the likelihood that all those facing the same
situation will have similar responses.
3. Consistency
- This refers to the measure of whether an individual responds the
same way across time.

MOTIVATION
Motivation is one of the requisites of performance. It
may be defined as the process of activating behaviour,
sustaining it, and directing it toward a particular goal.
Moreover, motivation moves people to act and accomplish.

Key Elements of Motivation

1. Intensity
- refers to the level of effort provided by the employee in the
attempt to achieve a goal assigned to him.
2. Direction
- relates to what an individual chooses to do when he is confronted
with a number of possible choices.
3. Persistence
- is a dimension of motivation which measures how long a person
can maintain effort to achieve the organizations goals.

Theories of Motivation
e.g. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

ATTITUDES
Attitudes are feelings and beliefs that largely
determine how employees will perceive their environment,
commit themselves to intended actions, and ultimately
behave. They reflect how one feels about something.

The Main Components of

Attitudes
1. Cognitive
- refers to the opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
2. Affective
- refers to the emotional or feeling segment.
3. Behavioural
- refers to the intention to behave in a certain way toward
someone or
something.

How Attitudes are Formed

1. Direct Experience
2. Indirect Means of Social Learning

Effects of Employee Attitudes

1. Positive Job Attitudes
- indicate job satisfaction and are useful in
predicting constructive
behaviours.
2. Negative Job Attitudes
- are also useful in predicting undesirable
behaviour.

VALUES
Values refer to the importance a person attaches to
things or ideas that serves as guide to action. These are
enduring beliefs that ones mode of conduct is better than
the opposite mode of conduct.
An example of a belief is the importance placed by
a person on academic titles or degrees and the doubt casted
on the ability of a person without sufficient academic
qualifications.
Values generally influence attitudes and behaviour.

How People Learn Values

1. Modeling
There are external factors that affect our values as a person.
One of those are the people that surrounds us and those that we
are dealing everyday. Our parents, teachers, friends, and other
people oftentimes become models to persons who would later
exhibit good behaviour in the workplace.
2. Communication of Attitudes
A person may develop a value through what he hears from the
people around him.

How People Learn Values

3. Unstated but Implied Values
Values may also be affected by attitudes that are not stated but are
implied by way of action. For instance, if a person sees joy and
happiness in every member of his family whenever another member
graduates from college, the person will develop the same values
impliedly exhibited.
4. Religion
Persons who are exposed to the teachings develop values that support
such beliefs. For example, the just and fair treatment of people is a
value that is taught by priests and ministers of various religious sects.

Individual versus Organizational

Values
ORGANIZATIONA
L VALUES

CONGRUENT

INDIVIDUALS
VALUES

POSITIVE
FEELING

ORGANIZATIONA
L
VALUES

INCONGRUE
NT

INDIVIDUALS
VALUES

CONFLICTS

Espoused versus Enacted Values

1. Espoused Values
- are what members of the organization say they
value.
- explicitly stated values
2. Enacted Values
- are those reflected in the actual behaviour of the
individual members of the organization.

Instrumental versus Terminal

Values
1. Terminal Values
- represent the goals that a person would like to
achieve in his or her lifetime.
2. Instrumental Values
- refer to the preferable modes of behaviour or
means of achieving the terminal.

Instrumental versus Terminal

Values
INSTRUMENTAL
VALUES

TERMINAL VALUES

Ambition
Honesty
Self- sufficiency

Courage
Forgiving nature

Helpfulness

Self- control

Happiness

Self-respect

Freedom
World peace

Pleasure

Equality

Achievement

Instrumental versus Terminal

Values
INSTRUMENTAL
VALUES

TERMINAL VALUES

Obedience

Open-mindedness

Independence

Inner peace

Beauty in art and nature

Family security

Cleanliness

Affection/ Love

Politeness
Rationality

Salvation

Friendship
Mature love

Wisdom

Instrumental versus Terminal Va

INSTRUMENTAL
VALUES

TERMINAL VALUES

Responsibility

Competence

Intelligence

Imagination

National Security

Cheerfulness

Prosperity

Social Respect

Exciting, active life