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BIOFERTILIZERS AND PHYTO-

STIMULANTS

Prof. Narayanappa M
GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, HASSAN 1
vAzospirillum
,
vAzatobacter,
vMycorrhizae
GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, HASSAN 2
Azospirullum
vAzospirillum as a non-specific plant-
growth-promoting bacterium
vNitrogen fixing Bacteria for all Non –
Leguminous Crops
vThis microorganism fixes the
atmospheric nitrogen and makes it
available to plants in asymbiotic
manner.
v
GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, HASSAN 3
vAzospirillum biofertilizer also secretes
some
§ fungicides,
§ enzymes but in minute amount.
vUse of Azospirillum biofertilizer
increases the crop production in large
scale.
vAzospirillum is mainly useful for
monocot vegetables.
vAssociative Interaction with Grasses
– Azospirillum brasiliense, tropical grasses
– Azospirillum lipoferum, tropical grasses,
maize GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, HASSAN 4
Recommendations
• Jowar,
• Bajra,
• Wheat,
• Maize,
• Paddy,
• Cotton,
• Sugarcane,
• Vegetables,
• Grass, Fruit trees and Ornamental plants
GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, HASSAN 5
Azotobacter
• Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile,
oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-
walled cysts, and may produce large
quantities of capsular slime.
• Azotobacter is an aerobic, free-living soil
microbe which fixes nitrogen from the
atmosphere.
• Beyond Azotobacter’s use as a model
organism it has biotechnological
applications.
• Examples are its use for alginate production
and for nitrogen production in batch
fermentations.
• Polyhydroxybutyrate is produced under 6
certain conditions.
• Azotobacter Vinelandii is a free-
living bacterium that can fix
atmosferic nitrogen into the soil,
being a great source to obtain a
natural biofertilizer that can be
used in the cultivation of most
crops.
It is a great source of nitrogen to
meet the needs of crops because
also has the capabilities to cause a
rejuvenation of soil microbiology to
tap out the biological fixation of 7
Benefits
• It improves seed germination and plant growth
• Azotobacter are tolerant to high salts.
• It can benefit crops by Nitrogen fixation, growth
promoting substances, fungi static
substances.
• Azotobacter is heaviest breathing organism and
requires a large amount of organic carbon for
its growth.
• It is poor competitor for nutrients in soil and
hence its growth promoting substances,
fungistatic substances.
• It thrives even in alkaline soils.
• Azotobacter is less effective in soils with poor
organic matter content
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• The species of Azotobacter are known to fix on
an average 10 mg.of N/g of sugar in pure
culture on a nitrogen free medium. A
maximum of 30 mg.
 Additional Benefits:
• Azotobacter also produces some substances
which check the plant pathogens such as
Alternaria, Fusarium and Helminthosporium.
Hence Azotobacter also acts as a biological
control agent.
• Azotobacter also produces fixation of Thiomin,
Riboflavin, Nicotin, indol acitic acid and
giberalin. When Azotobacter is applied to
seeds, seed germination is improved to a
considerable extent, so also it controls plant
diseases due to above substances produced 9
MYCORRHIZAE
 myco, “fungus”

 rhizae, “roots”

The term “mycorrhiza” was coined by A. B.


Frank, a scientist in Germany, more than 100


years ago.

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 The term mycorrhiza refers to a symbiotic
relationship that can occur between a fungus
and the roots of a plant.

 This is usually a mutualistic relationship,


meaning that it has a positive effect on both
the plant and the fungus.

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 In most cases of mycorrhiza, nutrients
are shared between the plant and the
fungus to the benefit of both parties.

 It is important to note that this


exchange of nutrients is bi-directional;
both the plant and the fungus receive
nutrients and essential inorganic minerals
from each other.

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BENEFITS OF ASSOCIATION
• serve to enhance the uptake of
– water
– mineral nutrients,
• especially phosphate, by the plants.
• The beneficial effect of a mycorrhizal association is
particularly noticeable in soils with a poor phosphorus
content.
• In return, the rhizosphere is the region around the surface of a
plant’s root system.
• plant supplies reduced carbon in the form of carbohydrates to
the fungi.

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• The fungus obtains important organic compounds,
such as sugars and amino acids, from the plant
• The fungus may also provide the plant with certain
growth hormones and may protect it against attack
by microorganisms.
• Plants that have active endomycorrhizae typically are
a deeper green and may resist drought and
temperature extremes better than plants of the same
species that have little mycorrhizal development.

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Endomycorrhizae
• In endomycorrhizae, the fungal (zygomycete) hyphae enter the
root and penetrate the root cells, forming tree-like structures
inside the cells, which become the primary site of exchange
between plant and fungus.
• In endomycorrhizae, the fungal hyphae actually penetrate the
cells by releasing cellulolytic enzymes.
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae are found in practically all plant
types, including ‘lower’ plants (mosses, ferns).
• They form highly branched arbuscules within the root cells
that gradually lyse, releasing nutrients into the plant cells.


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Ectomycorrhizae
• In ectomycorrhizae the plant partner is always a
tree; the fungus surrounds the root tip, and
hyphae spread between (but do not enter) root
cells.
• As with the ectomycorrhizae, the fungus forms a
vast web of hyphae leading from the root
surface into the surrounding soil.
• Trees without ectomycorrhizae normally will not
grow at all, so the health of our forests depends
on the presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

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