LOGIC: the voice of

reason

NATURE OF LOGIC.
Logic comes from the Greek word logike, which
means thought, reason, or discourse
Logic is a Science. Science is knowledge that
is true and systematized. Logic is science
because it is a systematized body of logical
truths and principles governing correct thinking.
Logic is an Art. Art is the ability to perform
difficult and complicated operations easily,
spontaneously, and effectively. Logic is an art
since it aims to develop the habit of thinking
easily, spontaneously, and effectively.

OBJECTS OF LOGIC
1. Material Object of Logic. The material object
of logic is thinking or reasoning. Logic is concerned
with the acts of the intellect, more specifically with
the thinking or reasoning process. Logic promotes
good thinking, i.e. creative thinking and critical
thinking.
2. Formal Object of Logic. The correctness of
thinking process is the formal object of logic,
where correctness means conformity with a set of
rules. Correctness implies right order, consistency,
reasonable procedure, necessary relationship, and
valid inference.

IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC
Logic contributes to the quality of
human life.
Logic leads to the formation of a
reasonable human being.
Logic tends to perfect mans gift of
natural logic.
Logic gives man norms for
distinguishing correct from incorrect
thinking.

The Acts of the Intellect

OPERATIO
NS
Simple
Apprehensio
n
Judgment
Reasoning

PRODUCTS EXPRESSIO
NS
Idea
Term

Enunciation Proposition
Argument
Syllogism

SIMPLE
APPREHENSION:
The First Act of the
Intellect

Simple Apprehension
Simple apprehension is the act by
which the intellect grasps or
apprehends the essence of an entity
or reality. It is the simple act by
which the mind knows the essence of
something. When, for example, one
learns what a circle is, one know its
essence and is able to define it.

Ideas/Concepts
Outline

Learning Goals
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able
to:

3.1 Nature
of Concepts

1. Discuss the meanings of simple apprehension and

essence;

3.2 Kinds of
Concepts

2. Classify concepts according to their relation,

comprehension, and origin, and;

3.3
Properties of
Concepts

3. Discuss comprehension and extension and their

inverse relationship.

 Knowledge begins when the mind

fully grasps the essence of a thing.
Hence, this part introduces the
general notion of the first basic
mental operation simple
apprehension. The mechanism of this
operation, however, is best left to
psychology just as the operations of
judgment and reasoning are. This
part dwells on its products (concept