ME 091304

Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II

Oil Tankers
A.A. B. Dinariyana
Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan ITS Surabaya
2013

Tankers
Gas

tankers

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Liquefied Natural gas (LNG)

Crude

oil tanker
Product tankers
Oil products like gasoline, kerosene, naphtha,

diesel oil, lubricating oil, bitumen

Vegetable oil, etc
Chemical

tankers

Acids, alcohol, petrochemical products, etc

2

Gas tankers

Crude oil tankers

Product tankers

Chemical tankers

Chemical tankers

Standard size of crude oil

tankers

BKI definition
"oil"

means petroleum in any form including crude

oil, refined products, sludge and oil refuse.

Crude oil
"crude

oil means any liquid

hydrocarbon mixture occurring
naturally in the earth whether or not
treated to render it suitable for
transportation and includes:
crude oil from which certain distillate

fractions may have been removed, and

crude oil to which certain distillate
fractions may have been added
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Cargo arrangement
Every

oil tanker of 600 tdw and above must comply

with the double hull requirements of MARPOL
73/78, Annex I, Reg. 13 F.

a) for which the building contract is placed on or after 6 July

1993, or
b) in the absence of a building contract, the keels of which
are laid or which are at a similar stage of construction on
or after 6 January 1994, or
c) the delivery of which is on or after 6 July 1996, or
d) which have undergone a major conversion:
i.
ii.

for which the contract is placed after 6 July 1993; or

in the absence of a contract, the construction work of which is begun
after 6 January 1994; or
iii. which is completed after 6 July 1996.

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Double hull requirements for oil

tankers of 5 000 tdw and above
The

entire cargo tank length is to be

protected by a double side (wing tanks
or spaces) and double bottom tanks.

Double side
Wing tanks or spaces are to extend either

for the full depth of the ship's side or from

the top of the double bottom to the
uppermost deck, disregarding a rounded
gunwale where fitted.
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Double hull requirements for oil

tankers of 5 000 tdw and above
Double side
They are to be arranged such that the cargo tanks are
located inboard of the moulded line of the side shell
plating, nowhere less than the distance (w )which is
measured at every cross section at right angles to the side
shell as specified below:

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Double hull requirements for oil

tankers of 5 000 tdw and above
Double bottom
At any cross-section the depth of each double bottom tank
or space is to be such that the distance h between the
bottom of the cargo tanks and the moulded line of the
bottom shell plating measured at right angles to the
bottom shell plating is not less than:

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Double hull requirements for oil

tankers of 5 000 tdw and above
In

the turn of bilge area or at locations without a clearly

defined turn of bilge, where the distances (h) and (w) are
different, the distance (w) shall have preference at levels
exceeding 1,5 h above the baseline. For details see
MARPOL 73/78, Annex I, Reg. 13 F (3) (c).

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Double hull requirements for oil

tankers of less than 5 000 tdw
Double bottom
Oil

tankers of less than 5 000 tdw are at least to be fitted

with double bottom tanks or spaces having such a depth that
the distance (h) complies with the following:

In

the turn of bilge area and at locations without a clearly

defined turn of bilge the tank boundary line shall run parallel
to the line of the midship flat bottom.
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Limitation of cargo tank

length
Irrespective

of the ship's deadweight, the length of

cargo tanks of oil and product tankers measured
between oil tight bulkheads is not to exceed 10 m or
the values listed in Table 24.1, whichever is greater.

KI Vol. II, Section 24, Table 24.1

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Limitation of cargo tank

length

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Limitation of cargo tank

length
Where

the tank length exceeds 0,1 L

and/or the tank breadth exceeds 0,6
B calculations must be carried out in
accordance with BKI Vol. II,
Section 12, C.1. to examine if the
motions of liquids in partially
filled tanks will be in resonance
with the pitching or heeling motions
of the vessel.
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Ship arrangement
Cargo

tanks are to be segregated by means of

cofferdams from all spaces which are situated
outside the cargo area.

cofferdam between the forward cargo tank and

the forepeak may be dispensed with if the access
to the forepeak is direct from the open deck.

and

the forepeak air and sounding pipes are led to

the open deck and portable means are provided
for gas detection and inerting the forepeak.
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Ship arrangement
Machinery

spaces are to be positioned

aft of cargo tanks and slop tanks; they
are also to be situated aft of cargo pumprooms and cofferdams, but not
necessarily aft of the oil fuel tanks.

Any

machinery space is to be isolated

from cargo tanks and slop tanks by
cofferdams, cargo pump-rooms, oil fuel
tanks or ballast tanks.
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Arrangement of doors,
windows and air inlets
Entrances,

air inlets and outlets and openings to

accommodation spaces, service spaces, control
stations and machinery spaces must not face the
cargo area.

They

are to be located on the transverse bulkhead

not facing the cargo area or on the outboard side of
the superstructure or deckhouse at a distance of at
least 0,04 L* but not less than 3 m from the end of
the superstructure or deckhouse facing the cargo
area.

This

distance need not exceed 5 m.

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Superstructures
According

to Regulation 39 of LLC 66, a

minimum bow height above the waterline is
required at the forward perpendicular.

Where

the bow height is obtained by freeboard

and sheer, the sheer is to extend for at least 15
per cent of the length Lc of the ship measured
from the forward perpendicular.

Where

it is obtained by freeboard and fitting a

forecastle, it is to extend from the forward
perpendicular to a point at least 0,07 Lc abaft.
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Superstructures
Machinery

and boiler casings are to be

protected by an enclosed poop or bridge
of not less than standard height, or by
a deckhouse of not less than standard
height and equivalent strength.

Machinery

and boiler casings may be

exposed if there are no openings giving
direct access from the freeboard deck to
the machinery and boiler space.
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Superstructures
A

weather tight door may, however, be permitted in

the machinery and boiler casing, provided that it
leads to a space or passageway which is as strongly
constructed as the casing and is separated from the
stairway to the engine room by a second weather
tight door of steel or other equivalent material.

Openings

in superstructure end bulkheads are to be

provided with weather tight closing appliances. Their
sills are not to be less than 380 mm in height.
Reference is made to the respective requirements of
the LLC 66.
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Anchor equipment
The

anchor windlass and the chain locker are

considered a source of ignition.

Unless

located at least 2,4 m above the

cargo deck the windlass and the openings of
chain pipes leading into the chain locker are
to be fitted at a distance of not less than 3 m
from the cargo tank boundaries, if liquids
having a flashpoint (closed cup test)
not exceeding 60 C are intended to be
carried.
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Cathodic protection
Impressed

current systems and magnesium or

magnesium alloy anodes are not permitted in oil cargo
tanks. There is no restriction on the positioning
of zinc anodes.

When

anodes are fitted in tanks they are to be

securely attached to the structure. Drawings showing
their location and the attachment are to be submitted.

Aluminium

anodes are only permitted in cargo tanks of

tankers in locations where the potential energy does
not exceed 275 Nm. The location and position
from the bottom of the tank should be taken
into consideration
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References
MARPOL

73/78/97

Peraturan

Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

Volume II, Edition 2006

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