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D C2 C1
Mathematical Representations
C1
C2
L12
Diffusion:
Ficks First Law of Diffusion
Flux = D C2 C1
Dispersion:
Analogous to Ficks First Law
E12 A12
C2 C1
Exchange =
L12
Turbulent Diffusion
Dispersion
Direction
Vertical
10-8 to 10-9
Lateral
Longitudinal
10-8 to 10-9
10-8 to 10-9
Vertical
Lateral
Longitudinal
Vertical
10-6 to 10-2
10-2 to 102
10-2 to 102
10-3 to 10-1
Lateral
10-2 to 100
Longitudinal
10-1 to 104
Diffusion Coefficients
Condition
Molecular Diffusion
Dispersion
Coefficient [m2/s]
10-9
Compacted Sediment
10-11 to 10-9
Bioturbated Sediment
10-9 to 10-8
Lakes Vertically
10-6 to 10-4
10-4 to 10-3
100 to 102
Estuaries Longitudinal
102 to 103
From Schnoor, Environmental Modeling: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air, and Soil, 1996.
Determining Dispersion
Streams & Rivers
Generally Neglect Dispersion
Determine by Calibration or Dye Study
Estuaries
Calibration to Salinity data using observed
downstream boundary concentration as the
forcing function
Lakes
Calibration to Temperature Data
Calibration to Chloride Data
g d S
Watershed
& Water Quality Modeling Technical Support Center
Dispersion in Rivers
LongitudinalDispersionCoefficientinRivers,Ex[m2/sec]
0.011 u 2 B 2
Ex
50%
d u *
g d S
Watershed
& Water Quality Modeling Technical Support Center
Dispersion in Rivers
LateralDispersionCoefficientinRivers,Ey[m2/sec]
Ey = du*
Elder, 1959.
g d S
Watershed
& Water Quality Modeling Technical Support Center
Dispersion in Rivers
VerticalDispersionCoefficientinRivers,Ez[m2/sec]
z
E z u * z 1
d
g d S
Watershed
& Water Quality Modeling Technical Support Center
Dispersion in Lakes
VerticalDispersionCoefficientinLakes,Ez[m2/sec]
E z 0.0142 d 1.49
d = Depth, [m]
Dispersion Measurements
Chattahoochee River, GA
Ex = 32.5 m2/s
Susquehanna River, PA
Ex = 92.9 m2/s
Antietam Creek, MD
Powell River, TN
Ex = 9.5 m2/s
Lake Onondaga, NY
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Lake Huron
Cayuga Lake
Lake Ontario
C1
E12
C2
C1 = 0.6 mg/L
Segment Tab
1000 m3 each
10 m deep
Set Up Exchanges
Set Up Exchanges
1) Turn on
Surface Water
2) Define
Exchange
Function as
Lateral
Dispersion
3) Define
Exchanges from
Segment one to
Segment two
4) Define value as
0.0001 m2/sec
Set Up Exchanges
E12 A12
C2 C1
Exchange
L12
WASP Structure of Exchanges requires
E12 = Dispersion Exchange Coefficient [m2/s]
A12 = Cross-section Dispersion Area [m2]
L12 = Characteristic Dispersion Length [m]
typically defined as 0.5*(L1 + L2)
where L1 and L2 are the lengths of
segments 1 and 2.
Set Up Exchanges
Dispersion Output
600
Concentration [ug/L]
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
15
25
Distance
35
45
50