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Applied Electromgnetic
Theory
(AET)
S5 ECE

Objectives
To analyze fields potentials due to static changes
To evaluate static magnetic fields
To understand how materials affect electric and
magnetic fields
To understand the relation between the fields under
time varying situations
To understand principles of propagation of
Uniform plane waves.

Review of vector analysis

Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which
electromagnetic(EM) concepts are most conveniently
expressed.
A quantity is called a scalar if it has only magnitude
(e.g.,mass,temperature, electric potential, population).
A quantity is called a vector if it has both magnitude
and direction (e.g., velocity, force, electric field
intensity).
The magnitude of a vector
or .

is a scalar written as A

Vector Representation
2D Vector Representation
Unit Vector, Magnitude
3D Vector Representation
Classification of Vectors
Zero, unit, like or Unlike, Equal,
Co
initial Vectors
Vector Analysis (Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication)

Vector Mathematics
Vector addition

Vector subtraction
Vector multiplication
Scalar (dot ) product (AB)
Vector (cross) product (A X B)

Dot Product
1. a a =|a|

2. a b b
a
3. a (b c) a
b a c
4. (ca) b c(a
b) a (cb)
5. 0 a 0

Cross Product

Cross Product
If a, b, and c are vectors and c is a
scalar, then
1. a x b = b x a
2. (ca) x b = c(a x b) = a x (cb)
3. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
4.(a + b) x c = a x c + b x c
5. a (b x c) = (a x b) c
6. a x (b x c) = (a c)b (a b)c

Detailed vector Analysis

Resultant vector
calculation and unit vector
Vector components
representation of x & y axis
Dot and Cross product of 3D vectors
Unit vectors & Other vectors

Co ordinate Planes
The three coordinate axes determine the three
coordinate planes.
The xy-plane contains the x- and y-axes.
The yz-plane contains the y- and z-axes.
The xz-plane contains the x- and z-axes

3-D COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Orthogonal coordinate systems

The Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate
system
The cylindrical coordinate system
The spherical coordinate system

Cartesian coordinate system

Explanations
x=length, y=breath& z be the height of the
element
- < x <
-<y<
-<z<
The point A in the coordinate system can be
expressed by vector equation

Cartesian coordinate system

Cartesian Coordinates
Differential
displacement
Differential
normal area

Differential
volume
Chapter 1

dl dxa x dya y dza z

dS dydza x

dS dxdza y

dS dxdya z

dv dxdydz
18

Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

1-19

Circular Cylindrical Coordinates

Point P has coordinates

Specified by P(z)

1-20

Explanations
=radius pssing through P , = azimuthal
angle measured from X axis & z be the
height of the element
0 <
0 2
-<z<
The point A in the coordinate system can be
expressed by vector equation

Summary

1-22

Differential elements

Cylindrical Coordinates
Differential
displacement
Differential normal
area

dl da da dza z

dS ddza

dS ddza

dS dda z

Differential volume dv dddz

Chapter 1

BEE 3113ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS THEORY

23

Constant Coordinate Surfaces in Spherical

Coordinates
0 r<
0
02

1-24

Spherical Coordinates

1-25

Differential Volume in Spherical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates
Differential

displacement dl drar rda r sin da

Differential
normal area

Differential
volume
Chapter 1

dS r 2 sin ddar

dS r sin drda

dS rdrd a

dv r sin drdd
2

27

Relation between Cartesian & Cylindrical

coordinate system

1-28

Spherical Coordinates

Point P has coordinates

Specified by P(r)

1-29

Relation to Cartesian coordinates

system
r

x y z
2

tan

tan

Chapter 1

( x y )
z
y
x
2

x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos

30

Transformation

Dot Products of Unit Vectors in Cylindrical and

Rectangular Coordinate Systems

ax

ay

az

cos

sin

(-sin)

cos

az

1-32

Dot Products of Unit Vectors in the Spherical

and Rectangular Coordinate Systems

1-33

Dot Products of Unit Vectors in the Spherical

and cylindrical Coordinate Systems

az

ar

sin

cos

cos
-sin
0

Vector integration
Linear integrals
Vector area and surface integrals
Volume integrals

Line Integral
The line integral is the
integral of the tangential
component of A along
Curve L

Adl
L

Closed contour integral

(abca)
Circulation of A around L

A is a vector field

Surface Integral (flux)

Vector field A containing
the smooth surface S
Also called; Flux of A
through S

AdS
S

Closed Surface Integral

Net outward flux of A from S

A is a vector field

Volume Integral
Integral of scalar V over the volume V

Vector Differential Operator

The vector differential operator (gradient

operator), is not a vector in itself, but when
it operates on a scalar function, for
example, a vector ensues.
d
d
d
ax a y az
dx
dy
dz
d
d
d

ax
ay az
d
d
dz
d
d
d
ar
a
a
dr
rd
r sin d

Del related topics

Gradient

Computation formula

properties

Divergence
Ain

Aout

A 0
The flux leaving the one end must exceed the flux entering at the other end.
The tubular element is divergent in the direction of flow.
Therefore, the operator is frequently called the divergence :
Divergence of a vector

A div A

Divergence=

Divergence

Outward flux per unit volume is known is as divergence.

:

h1

h2

h3

rect

cylin

spher

rsin

Divergence
Cylindrical Coordinate System

Spherical Coordinate System

Divergence

(a) Positive divergence, (b) negative divergence, (c) zero divergence.

Divergence
To evaluate the divergence
of a vector field A at point
P(x0,y0,x0), we let the point
surrounded by a differential
volume

Divergence
properties of the divergence of a vector
field
It produces a scalar field

Divergence Theorem

 Curl
Curl is a net orientation or circulation per unit area
Definition. The curl of a is an axial (or rotational) vector whose
magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per unit area as the
area lends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction of the
area when the area is oriented so as to make the circulation
maximum.

General

Curl
Cartesian Coordinates

Curl
Cylindrical Coordinates

Curl
Spherical Coordinates

Properties

Physical Significance

Stokes Theorem

Stokes Theorem

Solenoidal & Irrotational

(Conservative) vector fields

Laplacian
1 Scalar Laplacian. The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written
2
as V . is the divergence of the gradient of V.

LaplacianV V 2V
Divergence of a vector is scalar
The Laplacian of a scalar field is scalar

V Gradient of a scalar is vector

Laplacian
In cartesian coordinates

2V
ax a y az
y
z
x
2V
2V
2V
2
V 2 ax 2 a y 2
x
y
z

V
V
V
ax
ay
az
y
z
x

az

In Cylindrical coordinates
In Spherical Coordinates

Laplacian
A scalar field V is said to be harmonic in a
given region if its Laplacian vanishes in
that region.
2V 0

Columbs Law

Columbs law in vector form

 Superposition principle in Columbs law

Electricfield intensity

Charge Distributions

Electricfield intensity at different

distributions

Electricflux

Relation between E and D D=

Gausss Law

First Maxwell's to be derived

 Applications of Gausss Law (assignment)

Potential due to a point charge

 Potential due to a system of charges

Potential due to a Charge

Distribution

Potential Gradient
Maximum rate of change of potential with
respect to length is known as potential
gradient

Second Maxwell's equation to

be derived

Relationship between E & V

Electric Dipole

 Dipole moment & Equipotential surface

 Calculation of electric field due to potential

from the coordinate systems

(Energy stored due to point charge)

Energy stored due to a

distribution of charge

Calculation of energy using distribution in

terms of D in volume charge distribution

Boundary condition
The condition that the field must satisfy
at the interface separating the media
are called boundary conditions

Refraction of E & D at the

boundary

Module -II

Current density
Conduction current
Displacement current

Maxwell's first equation

Wave Equations in Electricfield

Wave Equations in Magnetic

Field

Polarization of em waves
Vertical PolarizationWhen E field vector of EM wave is perpendicular to
the earth, the EM wave said to be Vertically Polarized ..

12/8/2015

139

 Horizontal polarization
When E field vector of EM wave is parallel to the
the EM wave said to be Horizontally
Polarized.

12/8/2015

140

earth,

Circular Polarization
When E and H field of the EM wave are of same
amplitude and having a phase difference of 90o, wave is
said to be circularly polarized..

Fig: Circular Polarization.

12/8/2015

141

Transmission-Line Theory
Lumped circuits: resistors, capacitors, inductors
neglect time delays
(phase)
Distributed circuit elements: transmission lines
account for
propagation and time
delays (phase change)
We need transmission-line theory whenever
the length of a line is significant compared with
a wavelength.
155

Transmission Line
2 conductors

4 per-unit-length parameters:

C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m]
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m]

z
156

Transmission Line (cont.)

i z, t
B

x x x

+++++++
----------

v z, t

z
i(z,t)

R z

Lz

i(z+z,t)
+

+
v(z,t)

Gz

Cz

v(z+z,t)
-

z
157

Transmission Line (cont.)

i(z,t)

Rz

Lz

i(z+z,t)
+

+
v(z,t)

Gz

Cz

v(z+z,t)
-

i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) v( z z , t ) i ( z , t ) Rz Lz
t
v( z z , t )
i ( z , t ) i ( z z , t ) v( z z , t ) G z C z
t
158

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

Hence

v( z z , t ) v( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t
i ( z z , t ) i ( z , t )
v( z z , t )
Gv( z z , t ) C
z
t
Now let z 0:

v
i
Ri L
z
t
i
v
Gv C
z
t

Telegraphers
Equations

159

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

To combine these, take the derivative of the first one with
respect to z:

v
i
i
R L
z
z
z t
i
i
R L
z
t z
v

R Gv C
t

v
v

L G C
t
t

Switch the
order of the
derivatives.

160

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

v
v
v
v

R Gv C L G C
z
t
t
t

Hence, we have:

v
v
v
RG v ( RC LG ) LC
0
z
t
t
2

The same equation also holds for i.

161

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

Time-Harmonic Waves:

v
v
v
RG v ( RC LG ) LC
0
z
t
t
2

dV
RG V ( RC LG ) jV LC ( )V 0
dz
2

162

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

dV
RG V j ( RC LG )V LC V
dz
2

Note that

RG j ( RC LG ) LC ( R j L ) (G j C )
2

Z R j L
Y G jC

= series impedance/length
= parallel admittance/length

dV
( ZY )V
dz
2

Then we can write:

163

TEM Transmission Line (cont.)

Let

Solution:

dV
( )V
dz
2

ZY
2

Then

V ( z ) Ae Be
z

is called the "propagation constant."

Convention:

( R j L)(G jC )

1/ 2

principal square root

j
0, 0

z e j /2

attenuation contant
phase constant
164

Analysis of Wave
Forward and Backward wave Analysis

Properties of Transmission Line

Characteristics impedance of
Transmission line

v
i
Ri L
z
t
i
v
Gv C
z
t

Load Impedance & Reflection Coefficient

 Reflection at any point on the

transmission line
Impedance at any point on the
transmission line