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Introduction to Vibration

and Position Measurements

Copyright
Bently Nevada Corporation
All Rights Reserved, 1998
The following marks are Bently Nevada Corporations Registered Trade Names:

MicroPROX
Keyphasor
Key
Trendmaster
Dynamic Data Manager

ADRE
Proximitor
Velomitor
Smart Monitor
Transient Data Manager

REBAM
Seismoprobe
TorXimitor
Data Manager
Bently Nevada

What is Vibration?
Mechanical

vibration is the dynamic


motion of machine components.
Vibration measurement is the
measurement of this mechanical vibration
relative to a known reference.

How does Vibration Start?


Energy

must be put into the system through an


applied force, either internal or external.
The force may be instantaneous, an impulse, or
continuous. In machines this energy is diverted
from the process. This reduces the machines
efficiency and may also result in damage to the
machines components.

What Characteristics are


Measured?
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase Angle
Absolute

Phase Angle
Relative Phase Angle

What Affects These


Characteristics?
Mass
Spring

Stiffness
Damping

AMPLITUDE
pk

pk
rms

pk

Peak-to-peak refers to the total amount of vibration.


Zero-to-peak refers to the total amount of vibration from the
maximum height of either the positive or negative peak to the
zero voltage axis.
Root mean square (RMS) is a function of the signal conditioning
performed in the monitor or diagnostic instrument and not the
output of the transducer.

Frequency
Frequency

is defined as the repetition rate of a


periodic vibration within a unit of time.
The frequency of vibration (cycles per minute)
is most often expressed in multiples of rotative
speed of the machine.
Basic frequency measurements can be
performed with an oscilloscope and Keyphasor
signal.

FREQUENCY

TIME/CYCLE

Phase
Phase

is defined as the timing relationship, in


degrees between two or more signals.

PHASE

PHASE
(BETWEEN VIBRATION SIGNALS)

A A
M
P
L
I
T B
U
D
E

TIME
(DEGREES)

PHASE

TIME
(DEGREES)

PHASE ANGLE
The phase angle is defined as the number of
degrees from the Keyphasor pulse to the first
positive peak of vibration.

VIBRATION
SIGNAL
PHASE
LAG

TIME

KEYPHASOR
SIGNAL
DEGREES
OF
ROTATION

360

Form
Vibration

form is the raw waveform displayed


on an oscilloscope and can be separated into two
categories:
Timebase presentation
Orbit presentation

VIBRATION FORM
TIMEBASE- an oscilloscope displays the vibration in units of the
transducer (amplitude) versus time horizontally across the display.

AMPLITUDE

TIME

TIME

VIBRATION FORM
ORBIT- is the output of two transducers at 90 angles to one another (XY
plane) in the X-Y mode of the oscilloscope. The orbit is the
representation of the shaft centerline movement.

ORBIT
Shape

Measurement References
The

three basic frames of reference for


vibration measurements on rotating machines
are:
Rotor motion relative to the bearing (Shaft
relative Vibration).

MEASUREMENT REFERENCES
Shaft Relative

Measurement References
The

three basic frames of reference for


vibration measurements on rotating machines
are:
Rotor motion relative to the bearing (Shaft
relative Vibration).
Casing motion relative to a fixed reference
(Casing Absolute Vibration).
Rotor motion relative to a fixed reference
(Shaft Absolute Vibration).

MEASUREMENT REFERENCES
Casing Absolute

MEASUREMENT REFERENCES
Shaft Absolute

Position
Measurements
Axial

Position

Thrust
Rotor
Radial

Position

Position

Position

Differential
Case

Expansion

Expansion

Eccentricity

AXIAL POSITION
THRUST
BEARING
ASSEMBLY

THRUST
PADS

THRUST
COLLAR

Thrust Position
Measurement

of the position of the thrust


collar in the thrust bearing assembly and
how much bearing material may be used
up.
The probes are mounted on the thrust
bearing observing the movement of the
rotor position within the thrust bearing.

THRUST POSITION
20

15

10

5
0

20

40

60

80

100

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

mm

HOT FLOAT ZONE

COUNTER
DIRECTION

MILS

COLD FLOAT ZONE

NORMAL
DIRECTION

Thrust Position
NORMAL/COUNTER

Normal

- direction the rotor would


normally be forced to move due to the
designed operation of the machine.

Steam turbine typically Away from high


pressure (HP) inlet towards the LP inlet.

Counter -

direction of thrust opposite


the direction the rotor is normally
designed to move.

indicates the machine is experiencing an


abnormal operation

THRUST POSITION

STEAM TURBINE

COMPRESSOR
LP

HP

NORMAL
DIRECTION

LP
HP

NORMAL
DIRECTION

RADIAL POSITION
Proximity Probes are used in
the X-Y configuration to
measure
radial vibration, the dc
signal from
the transducer can be used
to
indicate the radial position
of the rotor within the
bearing

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
EXPANSION

THRUST
BEARING

CLEARANCES

CASE EXPANSION
CASING EXPANSION
FIXED FOOT

DUAL
LVDTs
CASE
EXPANSION

EXPANSION

SLIDING FOOT

SINGLE
CASE
EXPANSION

FIXED FOOT

FRONT STANDARD

FIXED REFERENCE
FOUNDATION

LVDT

EXPANSION

ECCENTRICITY

ECCENTRICITY

SHAFT BOW

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