Introduction to research

1703423-2
Research designs

Dr Naiema
Gaber

Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion you should be able to do
the following:

1-Define and explain the

*concept of a research design
*Purposes of research design
*Characteristics of good design
2-Identify and explain the different
categories and sub-categories of
research design

Introduction
The research design provides the back
bone structure of the study, it supports
the study and hold it's together.
Def:
The research design refers to the
researcher overall plan for answering
the research question or testing the
research hypotheses

Research Design
A research design is:
a framework for the research plan of
action.

a master plan that specifies the

methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed
information

a strategy for how the data will be

collected.

Purposes of Research
Design
It provides the scheme for answering
research question.
It maintains control to avoid bias that
may affect the outcomes.
It organize the study in a certain way
defending the advantages of doing
while being aware and caution about
potential disadvantages

Characteristics of good
design

1- Appropriateness to the research question.

2- Lack of bias.
3- Precision.
4- Power.
Research design can be either quantitative
or qualitative. Both designs complement
each other because they generate different
kinds of knowledge that are useful in
nursing practice.

Designs for nursing research

The four types most commonly used
in nursing are:
* descriptive / exploratory survey
*correlational
*experimental
*Quasi Experimental Design

A- Descriptive: (exploratory
survey) studies
Its purpose is to provide a picture of a
situation as it naturally happen,
No manipulation variable is involved
Some studies contain two variable,
others may include multiple variables.
They use this design to search for
accurate information about the
characteristic s of particular subject,
group, and event or about the
frequency of the phenomena.

 Advantages of descriptive:
The great deal with information
obtained from large population and is
surprisingly accurate.
Disadvantages of descriptive:
The information collected is very
brief and superficial.
It is a time consumer process

B- Correlational design
It examine relationships between or
among two or more variables in a
single group.
It requires a large sample size.
Subjects are not divided into groups
The correlational design doesnt test
the cause and effect relationship

Advantages OF
:Correlational studies
An increase flexibility when investigating
complex relationship among variables.
An effective and efficient method of collecting a
large amount of data about an issue of interest.
Exploring a relationship between variables.
Disadvantages 0F Correlational studies
The researcher is not employing the
randomization in the sampling procedures.
The researcher is unable to determine the causal
relationship between the variables because of
lack of manipulation, control and randomization.

C) Experimental Research
Design

Test a causal hypothesis (Cause and effect

relationship) between the intervention or
treatment and the outcomes

Elements of true experiment

design:
1- control group
2-sample randomization
3-manipulation of the independent variable.

Types of Experimental
Design
There are 3 types of experimental
design:1-Pre test post test control group
design: the experimental and control groups are
both randomly assigned from the sample
that was randomly selected.
The treatment is under control of the
researcher, the dependent variables is
measured twice before and after
manipulation of the independent variables .
the researcher observes the two groups to
determine effect of manipulation (post test).

Advantages of Pre test

post test control group
:design
Threats to internal validity are minimized

(control group )
Presence of randomization leads to equal
chance for the subject to be selected.
Allow the researcher to examine changes
occurs.
Disadvantages :The results can not be generalized on both
groups.
Mortality can affect one group rather than
the other

Post Test Only-2

:Experimental Group Design
The pre test can not be established, and
also subject response to post test can be
altered by the effect of the pre test, so
post test only is performed.
Advantages:
Random assignment decreases the
threats to validity.
Disadvantages
Without the effect of pre test the
researcher become unable to determine
the effect of the treatment received.

3-Solomon four groups of

experimental design
Four groups can be used one experimental
and three are control, some times are
divided equally two control and the other are
experimental .
It is a stronger design than the post test only
but require so complicated statistical
analysis.
Advantages
Allow the examiner to examine the effect of
the pre test on the post test.
Disadvantages
Mortality can affect the results.

General Advantages of
Experimental Design
Are most appropriate for testing the cause
and effect relationship between the
variables.
Most appropriate for testing hypothesis.
General Disadvantages of Experimental
Design
For some ethical reasons manipulation can
not be achieved especially on the human
studies.
Pre test can affect the response of post test.

D) Quasi Experimental
:-Design

Quasi experiment is research design in which

the researcher initiates an experimental treatment
but some characteristic of true experiment is
lacking either control or randomization.
it also used to test cause and effect relationship,
the basic problem with the quasi experiment is the
weakened confidence in making causal assertion
so it is usually exposed to the subject
contamination.
Example: examining differences in the amount of
pain that the patient feel during painful procedure
and the effect of nursing intervention on the
experimental group. It might be impossible to
pretest the amount of pain

How and When to use Quasiexperimental research

Used when you have control over the
when and the whom of
measurement, but lack control over
the when and to whom of
exposure.(complete control is not
possible)
Common in educational research.

COCLUSION
A research design is a master plan that
specifies the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed
information.
It is a strategy for how the data will be
collected.
It provides the scheme for answering
research question(s).
It maintains control to avoid bias that may
affect the outcomes.

The most common types of

Research design used in nursing
are:
* descriptive / exploratory
survey
*correlational
* True experimental
*Quasi Experimental

Feedback questions
1- Pre- post- test design is
a- descriptive
b- correlated
c-experimental
d- quasiexperimental

2- A study to determine the effect of lake of sleep

on attention span the day following for second
year students.
This is an example of which type of research
design
a- descriptive
b- correlated
c-experimental
d- nonexperimental

(C)

3- The quasi-experimental design does not

include
a- manipulation of independent
variable or control
b- random sample or Control group and
c- random or manipulation of
independent variable
d- manipulation of independent or
dependent variables

(b)

4- The most appropriate research

design for testing the cause and effect
relationship between the variables is.
a- experimental
b-correlational
c-descriptive
d-qualitative

(a)

Mach the name of design in column

A with that corresponding in
definition in column B
A B
-----1-descriotive

study adequacy of
entral feeding for pt on mechanical ventilation
-----2- correlative
can miss controlling the
sample

------

3- experimental

------

4-quasiexperimental

is there a relation
between smoking and lung cancer
chemotherapy in vomiting

the effect of

Mach the name of design in column

A with that corresponding in
definition
in
column
B
A B
---a---

1-descriotive

a- study adequacy of

---c---

2- correlative

b- can miss controlling the

---d---

3- experimental

c- is there a relation

---c---

4-quasiexperimental

entral feeding for pt

sample

on mechanical ventilation

between smoking and lung cancer

chemotherapy

in vomiting

d- the effect of

THANK YOU