Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn tp ch quc

t (14)

Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng ting Anh

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t

mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc

tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative

specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research

problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin

cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to

achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng

m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and

practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu As a non-fatal yet disabling condition that
commonly affects the elderly population, lumbar disc herniation (LDH) deteriorates
the spine, in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc causes a
bulging of the soft, central portion beyond the damaged outer rings. LDH is normally
diagnosed using imaging studies, specifically magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Vn nghin cu Despite extensively attention paid to hospital admitted patients
suffering from LDH, their clinical presentation in an outpatient setting has seldom
been studied.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, as non-surgical
treatment is considered the first choice for most patients with a success rate of 73%,
surgery is the last resort for patients who are noncompliant or unresponsive to to
medical treatment. Only 25% of all LDH patients must be hospitalized for surgery,
while the remaining 75% are diagnosed and treated in outpatient clinics.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cuThe inability to determine the prevalence
and severity of low back pain among LDH outpatients makes it impossible to
diagnose the condition based on a clinical observation alone, explaining the
prohibitively expensive and time-consuming procedures.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should evaluate the symptoms of
LDH outpatients in healthcare facilities and determine the most sensitive and
specific approach for diagnosing LDH {by using what method or what consideration
if you are not the first person in the world to undertake this objective}.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, patients suspected of
LDH can be recruited to participate in this study. MRIs can then be performed on
those diagnosed with LDH. Next, those patients diagnosed with LDH by MRI can
be interviewed and examined. Additionally, severity of the symptoms can be
assessed using scoring systems such as Duggal pain scale.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that, among LDH
outpatients, the prevalence of low back pain is 82.7%; the level of spine function is
3.4 1.0 points; and the mean level of pain is 3.9 0.9 points.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, results of this study
can provide further insight into LDH, as well as a valuable reference for teaching
and clinical research purposes. Above results can further identify low back pain as
the most common symptom of LDH, thus representing the most sensitive criterion
for screening outpatient LDH patients.

V d 2:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Maxillary lateral incisors are the
second most common missing teeth in the jaw after the wisdom teeth,
explaining the gap between the maxillary central incisor and the
canine; this space is often too small to fit an artificial tooth (esthetically
: DO YOU MEAN aesthetically?). While the anegesis of a later incisor
could be on both sides or, anegesis is on one side, maxillary lateral
incisors (are found OR exist) on the other side; tooth form and tooth
size often have many variations. Therefore, the (esthetics : DO YOU
MEAN aesthetics?) of the anterior teeth are difficult to (achieve OR
obtain).
Vn nghin cu Despite the considerable attention paid to the
ideal maxillary lateral incisor dimension and position in Europe and
the United States (albeit with a lack of consensus, possibly owing to
various (esthetics OR aesthetic?) perceptions across different races or
cultures), the (esthetics OR aesthetic?) perception towards lateral
incisors of individuals in Asian countries such as in Vietnam have
rarely been addressed in the literature.

V d 2 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For
instance, many clinicians confer that the lateral to central maxillary
incisal ratio should be determined based on the golden ratio (62%),
and the maxillary central to lateral incisal step should be
approximately 0.5 mm. However, based on a questionnaire to rate
(the serials of images : OR DO YOU MEAN a series of images?),
Kokich (1999) indicated that laypersons still accept a markedly
lower ratio (42%). Based on the results of a digital image editing
software, Ker (2008) found that a larger step (1.4mm) is more
favorable from a laypersons perspective.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to more
thoroughly elucidate the laypersons and dentists perspective
{perspective TOWARDS WHAT?} makes it impossible to identify
the patients interest in restoring maxillary lateral incisors as well as
create a pleasing smile for them.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, in addition to determining the (esthetics
OR aesthetic?) perceptions of dentists and laypersons (patients?) towards the
dimension and position of maxillary lateral incisors, we should attempt to identify the
ideal value and acceptability range of the lateral to central maxillary incisal ratio and
maxillary central to lateral incisal step in each group of subjects by using an
interactive interface-based software capable of enhancing raters to judge a series of
edited images. Whether these two groups differ should be determined as well.

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, the photograph of a

beautiful female smile can be digitally altered by Photoshop. The maxillary lateral to
central incisal ratio can be altered from 41% to 82%, while the maxillary central to
lateral incisal step can be altered from -0.5mm to +3.5mm. The photographs can then
be arranged with an interactive interface-based software that allows raters to select
the ideal for each smile characteristic presented and also identifies the range of
acceptability for the variables. Next, a survey of 100 dentists and 100 laypersons
(patients? Individuals?) can be performed. Additionally, those results can be analyzed
using SPSS software.

V d 2 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can reveal
the ideal value and acceptability (acceptable?) range of the
lateral to central maxillary incisal ratio and maxillary central
to lateral incisal step chosen by each group. Moreover,
comparing the data of the the two groups can determine
whether the difference is statically significant.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin
Importantly, results of this study can provide a valuable
reference for dentists in treatment planning and positioning
lateral incisors or creating space for the lateral incisor in the
case of missing teeth or discrepancy of size, ultimately
providing insight into the desires and expectations of
patients in terms of creating pleasing smiles.

V d 3:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Given the major public
health threat that lung cancer poses worldwide, therapeutic
strategies depend on histology, which is determined by a
biopsy. Such a biopsy is occasionally difficult to perform, owing
to inability of conventional endoscopy to detect a bronchial non
invasive tumor. Alternatively, as a unique echo-endoscopy
method, EBUS can identify and perform a biopsy on a lymph
node located in mediastin or on another side in
bronchotrachea such as under carina.
Vn nghin cu Widespread use of EBUS worldwide has
led to improvement of lymph node needle aspiration by using
ultrasound with trans-bronchial road marking to diagnose lung
cancer. However, given the relatively new use of EBUS in
Vietnam, to our knowledge, its sensibility, specificity and
feasibility of implementation have never been examined.

V d 3 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn
nghin cu For instance, Adam et al. (2009) cited
the sensibility of a needle aspiration biopsy by
EBUS as 88% and the specificity as 100%.
However, research on EBUS is lacking in Vietnam.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The
inability to determine the feasibility, sensibility and
specificity of needle aspiration biopsy by EBUS
makes it impossible for physicians to diagnose
cancer earlier than when using conventional
endoscopy.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should evaluate the feasibility of

and review the diagnostic performance of EBUS - PTBA to evaluate

lymphadenopathy or suspected lung cancer patients, leading to the sensitivity,
specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and likelihood
ratio with respect to the reference strategy (surgery or mediastinal endoscopy).
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, {HOW MANY?}

patients suspected of having lung cancer (i.e. bronchial non invasive with a
lymph node located under carina or hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy) can be
recruited for this study from Cho Ray Hospital in southern Vietnam. (NOTE: You
need 2-3 more sentences of methodology)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can demonstrate the feasibility of
determining the sensibility and the sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative
predictive value of EBUS-PTBA in Vietnam, along with evaluation of its diagnostic
performance.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, in addition to

demonstrating the feasibility of applying EBUS-PTBA to clinical practice, results

of this study can verify the effectiveness of this procedure in providing an
improved diagnosis for cancer patients with only mediastinal or hilar lymph node,
owing to its more efficient diagnostic performance than that of conventional
endoscopy.

V d 4:
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu As an inflammatory arthritis associated with

psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis has been recognized only recently as a separate entity.

Vn nghin cu However, previous investigations have failed to identify factors

such as the possible appearance of arthritic psoriasis before or after cutaneous psoriasis
and any correlation between the extent of skin disease and the presence of joint disease,
clinical predictors of arthritic psoriasis (e.g., family history, alcohol consumption, and nail
involvement).

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance, Biodi-Oriente

reported on the appearance of psoriasis before, at the same time and after arthritic
psoriasis as 68%, 11%, 21%, respectively. Moreover, according to Leonard, psoriatic
arthritis is often associated with widespread skin disease, while Elkayam and Gladman
found no difference between the severity of psoriasis through the Psoriasis Area Severity
Index (PASI)and psoriatic arthritis.

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu Importance of research problem: The

inability to evaluate the correlation and time of appearance between the extent
of skin disease and the presence of joint disease as well as factors associated
with psoriatic arthritis (e.g., family history, alcohol consumption, and nail
involvement makes it impossible to diagnose psoriatic arthritis early on in
order to avoid disabling and destructive arthritis in patients.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should
examine and compare the clinical features and factors
contributing to arthritic and cutaneous psoriasis in order to
diagnose psoriatic arthritis early.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so,
151 patients with arthritic and cutaneous psoriasis can be
enrolled in this cross sectional study. A questionnaire can then
be designed with demographic and historical details of
patients, including gender, age, age upon onset of the
disease, family history, smoking and alcohol consumption, nail
{SPELLING?} involvement, joint involvement and PASI. Next,
psoriatic arthritis patients can be diagnosed based on the
CASPAR criteria (i.e. classification criteria for psoriatic
arthritis). Additionally, all results can be analyzed using SPSS
software.

V d 4 (cont.)
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate
that psoriatic arthritis appears after psoriasis. Moreover,
factors contributing to psoriatic arthritis include family history
of psoriatic arthritis, alcohol consumption and nail
{SPELLING?} involvement. Meanwhile, there is no correlation
between PASI and joint involvement.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly,
results of this study can provide a valuable reference for
physicians when attempting to diagnose patients early for
psoriatic arthritis. We can recommend that clinicians orient
psoriasis patients how to diminish psoriatic arthritis by
eliminating trigger factors such as alcohol consumption.

Ti liu tham kho

Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw