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Cerebrum
Composed of two hemispheres,
joined by masses of commissural
fibers
The longitudinal fissure incompletely
separates the two hemispheres
The falx cerbri lies within the
longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum
Gray matter = surface of the cerebral
cortex
White matter = beneath the gray matter
Basal ganglia = nuclear masses beneath
white matter
Gyrus = convoluted surface of the cortex
Sulcus = space separating the gyri
Fissure = deep sulcus
Neocortex
Also known as the isocortex
Comprises 90% of the cortex
Composed of 6 layers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mesocortex
Hippocampal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Allocortex
10% of the cortex
Composed of:
Paleocortex: olfactory cortex
Archicortex: hippocampus, dentate
gyrus
Synthetic lobes
Insular
Limbic
Frontal Lobe
Largest lobe
1/3 of hemisphers surface
Rostral to the central sulcus
Superior to the lateral fissure
Pre-central gyrus
Pre-central sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Pre-central Gyrus
Brodmann area 4
Primary motor area
1/3 of cortico-spinal tract arises from
here
Function: motor cortex (contralateral
movement of face, arm, leg and trunk)
Motor humunculus
Lesion:
Monoplegia or hemiplegia
Initially flaccid paralysis
Babinski reflex
Prefrontal gyrus
Brodmann area 6
Supplemental motor area
Rostral to pre-central gyrus
1/3 of cortico-spinal tract originates from
here
Function:
Contralateral turning of head and eyes
Assumption of posture
Complex patterned movements
Infrequent rapid incoordinate movements
Prefrontal gyrus
Lesion:
Paralysis of the head and eye movement
to the opposite side (head and eyes turn
toward the diseased hemisphere)
Spasticity
Increased tendon reflex added to
primary motor lesion
Frontal eyefield
Brodmann area 8
Located in the causal zone of the
middle frontal gyrus
Stimulation leads to conjugate
deviation of the eyes to the other side
Lesion results in difficulty in voluntary
movement of the eyes to the opposite
side
Prefontal cortex
Brodmann areas 9-12
Prefrontal area
Lies rostral to the premotor area and
frontal eyefield
Has connections with dorsomedial
nucleus of thalamus, hypothalamus,
limbic system, anterior temporal lobe
and association areas of parietal and
occipital lobes
Prefontal cortex
Function:
Personality
Abstract thinking
Mature judgement
Foresight
Tactfulness
Self-control
Initiative
Socialization of certain autonomic
functions and emotions
Monitor cortical plan of behavior
Prefontal cortex
Bilateral affectation results in:
Witzelsucht = inappropriate jocularity
Akinetic mutism = severe loss of
initiative with disinterest and unconcern
Primitive reflexes (e.g. grasp reflex)
Frontal ataxia = disurbance in gait
Paratonia = resistance of passive
movements of limbs
Paracentral lobule
Pre and post central gyri on the medial
surface
Anteriorly bounded by paracentral sulcus
Posterior border is the marginal branch of
the cingulate sulcus
Function:
Cortical inhibition of bladder and bowel voiding
Lesion:
Incontinence of urine and feces
Brocas Area
Composed of pars triangularis and
pars opercularis
Brodmann areas 44 + 45
Expressive center for speech in the
dominant hemisphere
Patterns of movements for muscles
producing speech
Control motor speech
Brocas Area
Lesion in the dominant hemisphere
produces Brocas (motor or
expressive) dysphasia
Parietal Lobe
Posterior to the central sulcus
Rostral to the parieto-occipital gyrus
Composed of :
Postcentral gyrus (Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2)
Secondary somesthetic area
Superior parietal lobule
Inferior parietal lobule
Parietal operculum
Post-central Gyrus
Granular cortex / sensory cortex /
primar somesthetic area
Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2
Cortical regions where impulses
concerned with tactile and kinesthetic
sense from superficial and deep
receptors converge and are
somatopically represented (sensory
humunculus)
Post-central Gyrus
Functions to receive afferent pathways for
appreciation of posture, touch and passive
movements
Lesions result in:
contralateral impairment of touch, pressure and
proprioception
Disturbed postural and passive sensation
Disturbed localization of touch with loss of twopoint discrimination
Astereognosis = impaired appreciation of size,
shape, texture and weight
Perceptual rivalry = sensory inattention
Secondary Somesthetic
Area
Posterior to BA 3, 1, 2
Lies along superior border of the
Sylvian fissure
Lesions result in impaired pain
sensation
Supramarginal Gyrus
Brodmann area 40
Functions in understanding and
interpretting sensory signals
Lesions in dominant hemisphere result
in tactile and proprioceptive agnosia
Lesions in non-dominant hemispheres
result in confusion left-right
discrimination, body image disturbance
and apraxia
Angular Gyrus
Surround ascending terminal part of
superior temporal sulcus
Brodmann area 39
Association cortex which has
connections with somesthetic, visual
and auditory association areas
Lesions in dominant hemisphere
result in alexia (inability to read) and
agraphia (inability to write)
Parietal Operculum
Located in the roof of the lateral
fissure
Brodmann are 43
functions for taste sensibility
Temporal Lobe
Superior temporal gyrus
Primary auditory cortex
Secondary auditory cortex
Occipital Lobe
Above tentorium cerebelli
Separated from parietal lobe the
parieto-occipital sulcus
Consists of:
Lateral occipital gyri
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
Lingual gyrus
Occipital Lobe
Involved in visual perception
Cortical lesion = homonymous
hemianopsia
Occipital pole only = central
hemianopsia involving the macula
Extensive damage of the striate cortex
results in Antons syndrome
Denial of cortical blindness
Intact pupillary light reflex
Brodmann area 17
Perception of contralateral half of the
visual field
Recieves impulses from temporal half of
ipsilateral retina and nasal half of
contralateral retina
Lesion results in cortical blindness in the
contralateral visual field
Insula
Island of Reil
Buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus
Can only be seen when temporal and frontal
lobes are separated
A triangular cortical area with the apex directed
fprward and downward to open to the latreral
fossa
Covered by gyri breves and longus, nearly
parallel to lateral sulcus
Limen insula opening leading to the insular
region
Temporal, frontal and parietal opercular regions
cover the insula
Limbic System
Visceral brain
Includes a diverse group of medial
and basal telencephalic structures,
which represent those regions of the
cerebral cortex having the most direct
connections with the hypothalamus
Defensive reactions such as fear or
rage are integrated diffusely
Limbic System
Other structures closely related to
the limbic system
Posterior orbito-frontal cortex
Anterior temporal cortex
Anterior nuclear group of the thalamus
Hypothalamus
Septal region
Midline nuclei
afferent
structure
efferent
function
Cingulate gyrus
Neocortex
Septum
Hippocampal
formation
Fornix
Precommisural
fibers
Postcommosura
l fibers
Memory and
learning;
Integrating
sensory input
Olfactory bulb
Rostral
hypothalamus
Inferior
temporal lobe
Orbitofrontal
cortex
Brainstem
reticular
formation
amygdala
Stria terminalis
Ventral
amygdalofugal
projection
Stimulation
leads to rage
reaction
Lesions results
in docility
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocamp
al gyrus
Hippocampus
Cingulum
entorhinal area
of the
parahippocamp
Papez Circuit
Parts of limbic system and
diencephalon
Concerned with emotion
Hippocampal formation (fornix)
mammillary body
(mammillothalamic tract) anterior
nuclear group of the thalamus
cingulate gyrus
Psychic blindness
Hypermetamorphosis
Hyperorality
Hypersexuality and loss of sexual preference
Reversal of individual behavioral patterns
Marked absence of emotional response
Loss of facial expression and vocal protests