Reinforced

Concrete I
WOLLO University
TECHNOLOGY Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering

Lecture-1
1

Introduction
Properties of reinforced concrete:

What is Concrete?

Concrete: -Concrete is stone like material

obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of cement, inert-aggregate
materials (fine & course) and water in
predetermined proportions.
2

Properties of reinforced concrete

The material called concrete in this Lecture is
made three or four basic ingredients, usually
called concrete making materials. These
materials for concrete are:
Hydraulic cement, usually portland cement
Mineral aggregate(s)
Water
Admixture(s) (optional)
3

Properties of reinforced.
When these ingredients are mixed, they form

a plastic mass which can be poured in suitable

moulds (forms) and set-on standing into hard
solid mass, as a result of exothermic chemical
reaction between cement and water.
To produce a workable mix, more water is
used over and above that needed for this
chemical reaction.
4

Properties of reinforced.

Concrete has been the construction material used in

the largest quantity for several decades.
The reason for its popularity can be found in the
excellent technical properties of concrete as well as
in the economy of this material.
It is also characteristic that the properties of
concrete ingredients have a major influence on the
fresh as well as hardened concrete. Therefore, the
selection of concrete-making materials for a given
purpose is quite important.
5

Properties of reinforced.
In order to make this selection intelligently,
the selecting person should be able to assess
concrete-making materials, and should know
what to select, how to select it, and why to
select it in a particular way. In other words,
he or she should be familiar with the
available types of each of the concretemaking materials; the significance and
application.
6

Compressive Strength of
concrete:
A wide range of strength properties can be

obtained for concrete by appropriate

adjustment of the proportions of the
constituent materials, using different
degree of the compaction and the
conditions of temperature and moisture
under which it is placed and cured.
Water-cement ratio is the main factor
affecting the strength of concrete, as
shown in the next slide.

Compressive Strength of
concrete:

Compressive Strength of
concrete:

Standard test specimens of 150mm cube are

taken at the age of 28days to determine the
compressive strength of concrete according
to Ethiopian standard institution (ESI).
At age of 7days, concrete may attain
approximately about 2/3 of the full
compressive strength of concrete.
In some national standard (example ACI
code), cylinder specimens of 150mm diameter
by 300mm high are taken.
9

Compressive Strength of
concrete:

Although the load is applied uni-axially, the

friction between the loading plate and the
contact faces of the test specimen has more
effect on cube strength than the cylinder
strength.
Because of this, the cube strength gives more
strength than the true compressive strength
of concrete, whereas, cylinder strength gives
reasonably the true compressive strength.
On average, cube strength is taken as 1.25
times cylinder strength.
10

Tensile strength of concrete

Even though concrete is weak in tension, its

tensile strength is important in a variety of
items.
Shear and torsion resistance of RC
members primarily depend on tensile
strength of concrete. Further, the
conditions under which cracks form and
propagate on tension zone of RC flexural
members depend strongly on the tensile
strength of concrete.
11

Tensile strength of concrete

Two methods are used to determine tensile
strength of concrete. These are :
1. Beam-test and
2. Split-cylinder test method.

According to EBCS-2, characteristic tensile

strength of concrete is obtained using:

f ctk 0.21 (0.8 f cu )

23
12

Tensile strength of concrete

Beam test method, tensile strength of

concrete is obtained by loading plain
concrete test-beam laterally by two point
loads at the third points of test-beam until
the tension zone of the beam fracture.
Tensile strength of concrete is then
computed using flexural stress formula
M.c
I

in terms of modulus of rupture concrete.

13

Tensile strength of concrete

Split-cylinder test method, tensile strength

of concrete is obtained by loading standard
plain concrete cylinder along the side until the
cylinder splits in to two pieces. The tensile
strength of concrete is the computed by
2P
. d .l

based on the theory of elasticity for

homogeneous material in a bi-axial state of
stress.
14

Tensile strength of concrete

Whatever the method, it is known that, the

tensile strength of concrete is relatively
low, and it is about 10 to 15% of
compressive strength of concrete.

15

Shrinkage and Thermal

Movement

Concrete may under go deformations and

volume changes with out application of
loading. This phenomenon may be caused by
shrinkage and thermal-movement in fresh
and hardened concrete.
Shrinkage of concrete is liable to cause
cracking, but it has the beneficial effect of
strengthening the bond between the
reinforcing steel and the surrounding
concrete.
16

Shrinkage and Thermal

Movement

Shrinkage of concrete caused initially by

the absorption of water by cement and
aggregate, and further by evaporation of
water which rises to surface as a result of
capillary action.
During setting process the hydration of
cement causes a great deal of heat to be
generated, and as the concrete cools,
further shrinkage takes place due to
thermal contraction.
17

Shrinkage and Thermal

Movement

Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by:

Using a mix-design with low cement content.
EBCS-2 specifies cement content not to exceed
550kg/m3 of concrete.
Avoiding rapid hardening & finely ground
cement.
Keeping aggregate & mixing water cool, or may
be need to keep them under shade.
Maintaining the temperature & evaporating
water by proper curing.

18

Creep of Concrete

Creep is the continuous deformation of a member

under sustained compressive stress over a
considerable length of time (under long-term
loading). It is a phenomenon associated with brittle
materials (concrete is a brittle material).
Creep deformation depends on the stress in
concrete, duration of loading and water-cement
ratio.
The effect of creep has to be considered in design
of reinforced concrete member subjected to
compressive stress mainly caused by long term
loading (dead load).
19

Creep of Concrete

The effect of creep is particularly important in

beams, where the increased deformations may
cause the opening of cracks and damage of finishes.
To reduce creep deformation, it is necessary to
provide nominal reinforcement in the compression
zone of the beam. The nominal area of compression
steel required by doubly reinforced beam is about
0.4% of the area in compression (which may be
taken as 0.2% of the whole area including tension
zone).
20

Creep of Concrete

21

Reinforcing Steel

Steel reinforcements are available in the

form of round bars and welded wire fabric.
The most commonly used bars have
projected ribs on the surface of bar. Such
bars are called deformed bars. The ribs of
deformed bar improve the bond between
steel and the surrounding concrete in RC
members by providing mechanical keys.
22

Reinforcing Steel

A wide range of reinforcing bars is available

with nominal diameter ranging 6mm to
35mm.
Most bars except 6mm diameter are
deformed one. Some of the common bar
size with their application in concrete
works are given in table below.

23

Not Available
in the local
market

Reinforcing Steel
For stirrups
Diam.
(mm)

For slabs

For beams & columns

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

25

28

0.28

0.50

0.785

1.13

1.54

2.01

2.52

3.14

3.8

4.9

6.2

Weight 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.21

(kg/m)

1.57

2.0

2.47

3.0

3.9

4.8

5.02

5.65

6.28

6.9

7.85

8.79

Area
(cm2)

Peri.
(cm)

1.88

2.51

3.14

3.77

4.4

24

Strength of reinforcing
steel

Reinforcing steel is capable of resisting

both tension and compression.
Compared with concrete, it is a high
strength material. For instance, the
strength of ordinary reinforcing steel is
about 10 and 100 times, the compressive
and tensile strength of common structural
concrete.

25

Strength of reinforcing
steel

26

Reinforced
Concrete
composite material)

(as

It is known that plain concrete is quite strong

in compression, weak in tension.
On the other hand, steel is a high cost
material which able to resist both tension &
compression.
The two materials (plain concrete and
reinforcing steel) are best be utilized in
logical combination if steel bars are
embedded in the plain concrete in tension
zone close to the surface.

27

Reinforced Concrete (as a

composite material)

In this case, plain concrete is made to resist

the compressive stresses and reinforcing
steel resists the tensile stresses.
Both plain concrete and reinforcing steel bar
together assumed to act as one composite unit
and it is termed as Reinforced concrete (RC).
The tensile stresses developed in the section
are transferred to reinforcing steel by the
bond between the interfaces of the two
materials.
28

Reinforced Concrete (as a

composite material)

In all RC members, strength design is made

on the assumption that concrete does not
resist any tensile stresses.
All the tensile stresses are assumed to be
resisted by the reinforcing steel imbedded
in tension zone.
Some times if necessary, reinforcing steel
is provided in compression zone to assist
the concrete resisting compression in
addition to reducing creep deformation.
29

Reinforced Concrete (as a

composite material)
Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily in combinations
due to the following reasons.
1. Bond between the bars and the surrounding concrete prevents
slip of the bars relative to the concrete. Adequate concrete
cover for steel bar and embedment length of bar are required to
transfer stress between steel and concrete without slipping.
2. Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of
concrete against bar corrosion.
3. Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion (0.00001/0C to
0.000013/0C for concrete and 0.000012/0C for steel) introduce
negligible stresses between steel and concrete under
temperature changes.
30

Advantages of Reinforced
Concrete

It is monolithic. This gives it more rigidity.

It is durable. It does not deteriorate with
time.
While it is plastic, it can be moldable into
any desired shape.
It is fire, weather and corrosion resistant.
By proper proportioning of mix, concrete
can be made water-tight.
Its maintenance cost is practically nil.

31

Disadvantages of Reinforced
Concrete:

It is difficult to demolish in case of repair

of modification.
It is too difficult to inspect after the
concrete has been poured.

32

Behavior of RC Beam under Lateral Loading

When beam is subjected to gradually increasing

lateral load, there is change in stresses &
deformations.
If these stresses and deformations exceed the
capacity of the materials of the beam, the beam
will fail.
Tests have shown that RC beams may fail either
along a vertical (normal) plane or a diagonal plane.
The aim of design of a member is to ensure
resistance of section of beam along all planes.
33

Behavior of RC Beam under Lateral Loading

Three stages of behavior can be observed

at a section of maximum moment, when
singly reinforced beam is subjected to
gradually increasing load till failure.
[See Handout,pp8-10]

34

Behavior of RC Beam
Stage I: Uncracked

35

Behavior of RC Beam
Stage II: Cracked Section Under Working
Load

36

Behavior of RC Beam
Stage III: Cracked Section Under Ultimate
Load

37

Design Philosophies (Methods)

The objective of reinforced concrete design is
to achieve a structure or part structure that
will result in a safe and economical solution.
For a given structural system, the design
problem consists of the following steps:
1. Idealization of structure for analysis
(dimension of members, support condition of
structure and etc.)
2.Estimation of loadings.

38

Design Philosophies (Methods)

3. Analysis of idealized structural model to
determine stress-resultants (axial forces,
shear forces, torsions & bending moments)
and their effects (deformations).
4. Design of structural elements (if assumed
dimensions are adequate).
5. Detailed structural drawings and schedule
of reinforcing bars.
39

Design Philosophies (Methods)

To achieve safe and economic structures,

three philosophies of design had been
adopted by codes of practices. These are:
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) or
Elastic Design Method
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Method, and
3. Limit State Design (LSD) Method.
40

Working Stress Design (WSD) method

WSD is the oldest and simplest method of

design
used
for
reinforced
concrete
structures.
It is based on the assumption that concrete is
elastic, steel & concrete together act
elastically. Also, the stresses developed in
concrete & steel are not exceeded the
respective allowable stresses any where in the
structure when structure is subjected to the
worst combination of service design loads.
41

Working Stress Design (WSD) method

The allowable stresses of materials are determined

dividing material strengths by a factor of safety.
Safety factors specified by British standard are 3
for concrete and 1.8 for reinforcing steel. These
safety factors are obtained from many years of
practical experience and engineering judgment.
The safety factors specified by codes are assumed
to cover all uncertainties existing in estimations of
service design loads and material strengths.

42

Working Stress Design (WSD) method

The main drawbacks of WSD method are as follows:
1. Concrete is not elastic material. The inelastic behavior
of concrete starts right from very low stresses. The
actual stress distribution of concrete in section can
not be described by a triangular stress diagram.
2. Since factor of safety is applied on the strength of
materials, there is no way to account for different
degrees of uncertainty associated with different types
of loadings.
3. It is difficult to account for creep and shrinkage by
computations of elastic stresses.

43

Limit State Design (LSD)

method:

Limit state design method has developed

from ultimate strength design method in
order to apply in service load and ultimate
load conditions.
Design of structure in limit state is made to
achieve an acceptable probability that
structure or part of it will not become unfit
for use for which it is intended during
expected life.
44

Limit State Design (LSD)

method:

A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability

should be able to withstand safely all possible
combinations of design loads that are liable to act on it
throughout its life and it should also satisfy the
serviceability requirements, such as, limitations on
deflection and cracking.
Further, it should be able to maintain the required
structural integrity during and after accidents such as
fires, explosions and local failure. In other words, all
relevant limit states must to be considered in design to
ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability.
45

Limit State Design (LSD)

method:

These limit states which must be examined in

design are broadly classified in to two major limit
states. These are:
1. Ultimate strength limit state (Limit state of
collapse), and
2. Serviceability limit state

Ultimate limit state: the ultimate limit state is preferred

to collapse.
Serviceability limit states: deflection, cracking, vibration,
durability, fatigue, fire resistance and lightning.

46

Grade of Concrete:

Concrete
is
graded
in
terms
of
characteristic compressive cube strength.
The grade of concrete to be used in design
depends on the classification of concrete
works and its intended use.
EBCS-2 specifies grades of concrete for
two classes of concrete works as shown
Grades of concrete (MPa)
below. Class
I

II

C-5

C-5

C-15

C-20

C-50

C-60

C-15

C-20

C-25

C-30

C-40

47

Design Strength of Material in Limit

State:

The design strength for a given material and

limit state is given by:

fk
fd
m

where
fk -characteristic strength of materials
m partial safety factor for materials
48

Design Strength for

Concrete
(a)In compression:
(ESCP-2/83)

0.67 f cu
f cd
c

(EBCS-2/95)

0.68 f cu

(b) In tension:

f cd

f ctd

f ctk

49

Design Strength of Material in Limit

State:

Idealized Stress-Strain Diagrams: For design purpose, most

codes adopt idealized stress-strain diagrams in predicting the
ultimate strength of sections in plastic-theory. In EBCS-2, a
parabola-rectangle stress-strain diagram is given for concrete
in compression as shown in figure below.

f cd

0.68 f cu
c

50

Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete:
According to ESCP-2/83 and EBCS-2/95,
mean value of the secant modulus, EC is given
as shown in table below.
C-15

C-20

C-25

C-30

C-40

C-50

C-60

-ESCP-2/83

24

25

26

28

31

34

---

-EBCS-2/95

26

27

29

32

35

37

39

f cu (MPa )

Ec (GPa)

51

Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete:

52

Design Strength for Steel

In tension and compression:

f yd

Design Situations

f yk

Concrete, c

Reinforcing Steel, s

Class I

Class II

Class I

Class II

Persistent and Transient

1.50

1.65

1.15

1.20

Accidental

1.30

1.45

1.00

1.10
53

Design Strength for

Steel

EBCS,2: also idealized the stress-strain diagram for steel with

ultimate strain of 0.01 as shown in figure below. It is a portion of
stress-strain diagram of steel. The maximum strain of steel,
permitted by code assumed to limit width of concrete crack in
tension zone to acceptable limit.

f yd

f yk

54