PRODUCTION

LOGGING

BY :Vibhor Kansal
R820212039
500023179
B.Tech APE GAS

What is PL?

Production logging encompasses a number of well logging techniques run

on completed injection or production wells, with the goal being to evaluate
the well itself or the reservoir performance. SPE Monograph 14, Production
Logging, Hill A.D.

The purpose of production logging is to provide the most detailed

knowledge possible of the nature and behavior of the fluids in the well
during production or injection
Production Log Interpretation, Schlumberger

What is PL?

Series of measurements that will allow the

determination of the fluid type and rate in the wellbore
as a function of depth

Downhole and (mostly) continuous

Steady state

Under dynamic conditions

PL applications
Production logs are now run for the purpose of:
Monitoring & controlling the reservoir
Analyzing dynamic well performance
Assessing productivity or injectivity of different zones
Diagnosing problem wells
Monitoring the results of a stimulation or completion
The term is sometimes extended to include logs run to measure the
physical condition of the well, completion and reservoir properties:
Cement bond
Pulse neutron logs
Corrosion logs
Radioactive tracer logs
Noise logs
PL can be used in all stages through the life of a well

Typical PL toolstring

Sondex MPLT

PL operations Surface readout

Risers

Grease seal
Electric line

BOP
Logging unit

PL sensor data recorded in

the surface computer
Depth and cable speed recorded
by surface computer
Power sent down the cable to the
tool
Sensor signals sent up the cable
continuously

PL job
Production rate

Up Passes

Down Passes

Full flow

Zero flow

PL data interpreted
D epth

f
t

8200

8300

8400

Interpretation # 1
246 TEMP P1,I1 [F]
256PPRE
0
P1,I1 [psia]
D R H O P1,I1 [ g/ c c ]

Density matc h
DRHO P1,I1 [g/ cc]
1.2
.. .

Veloc ity matc h

VAPP P1,I1 [ft/
min]
.. .

QZ T

1000

B/
D

QZ I

10000
-500

B/
D

750
0

Some factors affecting

production
Reservoir

Layer kh contrasts, damage

Fluids

Contacts and capillary pressures

Fractures (carbonates)

Wellbore

Cement

Leaks due to corrosion

Perforations off depth, ineffective, plugged

Relevance of additional information

Perforation and PL
Perforating parameters are important in PL
Interpretation.
Need to know:

Perforation intervals

Nice to know:

Shot density & phasing

Charge type - big hole/deep penetrating
Gun type casing gun, through tubing gun
Perforation performed overbalanced or under balanced
Perforation history - timeline

Need to discover:

Which perforations are producing

Are the perforations on depth, or are they even there at all?

Crossflow
Three layers were initially perforated

P1

P1>BHFP
BHFP

P2

P3

P2<BHFP

Layer 2 pressure has somehow

dropped. Possibly due to high
permeability, therefore experiencing
preferential production, and depleted
faster. Or maybe it was just a smaller
reservoir which has depleted prematurely.
A point was reached where the pressure
in layer 2 is lower than the BHFP
The Crossflow behavior into layer 2
should increase during shut in

P3>BHFP

Solutions:
Flow well at higher flowrate lower BHFP
Reperforate only layers 1 and 3
Recomplete layer 3 through a different tubing
than layer 2
Close off layer 2

Crossflow
SHUT IN

FLOWING

Zoned flow
Top Zone
- zones of widely differing

perforated

permeability,

but some

perforated

high permeability will flow

Perforations

but no flow

preferentially,

Top Zone

not flowing

low perm zones may not

flow at all

- perforations plugged,

Bottom Zone

debris from the perforation

perforated

gun, mud entering while

but some

perforating overbalanced,

perforations

crushed rock in the

not flowing

perforation tunnel

Fracture Production

Fractures

Some perforations are

crossing fractures
These give high flow rates,
and often strong jetting effects
The remaining perforations
may produce nothing

Fractures

Channeling
Bad Cement

The obvious reason for a channel

is a poor primary cement job

Original
GOC
Unwanted
channeled
gas flow behind
casing

This is repaired by a squeeze if

the channel is identified in
time
(before running the
completion and/or perforating)
Channels identified during
production logging are difficult to
repair, though modern cementing
technology can help.

Original

Unwanted channeled

OWC

water flow behind casing

Bad Cement

Cement Evaluation
There are a number of tools capable of measuring the cement quality:
Cement Bond Logging Acoustic
- transmitter & receiver
- looks at the average bond around the pipe (CBL)
- only tool to see the formation - cement
bond (VDL)
Radial Cement Bond Logging Acoustic
- as above but radially distributed transmitters/receivers
Pulse Echo Logging Ultrasonic (CAST, USI)
- uses casing resonance in its thickness mode
- images all around the casing
- has a corrosion measurement as well

Casing Leak
Leaks occur because
of corrosion in the
casing or tubing
Original
GOC

This can happen at any

time in the life of the well
Logs are used to
identify corroded pipe

Original
OWC
No Perforations

Unwanted fluid
Flow from leak (+ cement)

Corrosion

stress

Mechanical (stress, sand)

Chemical
Electrochemical
H2 S

CO2

Several tools to measure corrosion:

Corrosive
formation
fluids
bimetallism

Stagnant
fluids

Mechanical calipers
internal corrosion only
Imaging tools - ultrasonic
internal and external
Electromagnetic
internal and external
multiple strings

THANK YOU