A presentation by

Basanti Tudu
Sudeshna P. Lenka
Aliva Das

Class XI-A

GUIDED BY ADITI CHAKRABORTY MADAM

Methods of purification of
organic compounds
Organic chemistry

Various methods used for

purification of organic
compounds are based on

Nature of the compound

Impurity present in it

The common techniques used

for purification

 Sublimation
Crystallisation
Distillation
Differential extraction
Chromatography

SUBLIMATION

Sublimation is the transition from the solid phase to the

gas phase without passing through an intermediate
liquid phase . This endothermic phase transition occurs
at temperatures and pressures below the triple point .
Example: Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. At room
temperature and pressure, it sublimates into carbon
dioxide vapour.

crystallisation

 Crystallizationis the (natural or artificial) process of

formation of solidcrystals precipitatingfrom asolution,melt

or more rarelydepositeddirectly from agas. Crystallization
is also a chemical solidliquid separation technique, in which
mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure
solid crystalline phase occurs. Inchemical engineering
crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is
therefore an aspect ofprecipitation, obtained through a
variation of thesolubility conditions of thesolutein the
solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical
reaction.

CRYSTALLISED HONEY

DISTILLATION

This important method is used to

seperate
Volatile liquids from nonvolatile

impurities
The liquids having sufficient difference
in their boiling points.
Liquids having different boiling points
vaporise at different temperatures. The
vapours are cooled and the liquids so
formed are collected separately.

Simple Distillation
The vapours of a substance formed are
condensed and liquid is collected in
conical flask.

Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillationis the separation of amixtureinto

its component parts, orfractions, such as in separating
chemical compoundsby theirboiling pointby heating
them to atemperatureat which one or more fractions of
the compound will vaporize. It is a special type of
distillation. Generally the component parts boil at less
than 25C from each other under a pressure of one
atmosphere. If the difference in boiling points is greater
than 25C, asimple distillationis used.

Fractional distillation. The vapours of lower boiling fraction reach the

top of the column first followed by vapours of higher boiling fraction.

Different types of fractionating columns

SIMPLE
PACKED
COLUMN
BUBBLE
PLATE
COLUMN

Steam distillation
Steam distillationis a method for distilling compounds which

are heat-sensitive. The temperature of the steam is easier to

control than the surface of a heating element, and allows a
high rate of heat transfer without heating at a very high
temperature. This process involves bubbling steam through a
heated mixture of the raw material. By Raoult's law, some of
the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its
partial pressure). The vapor mixture is cooled and
condensed, usually yielding a layer of oil and a layer of water.
Steam distillation of variousaromaticherbs and flowers can

result in two products; anessential oilas well as a watery

herbal distillate. Theessential oilsare often used in
perfumery andaromatherapywhile the watery distillates
have many applications inaromatherapy,food processing
andskin care.

Commercial use of distillation

In the fossil fuel industry distillation is a major class of

operation in obtaining materials fromcrude oilfor fuels

and for chemicalfeedstocks.
Distillation permits separation of air into its
components notablyoxygen,nitrogen, andargon
forindustrial use.
In the field of industrial chemistry, large ranges of crude
liquid products ofchemical synthesisare distilled to
separate them, either from other products, or from
impurities, or from unreacted starting materials.
Distillation offermentedproducts produces
distilled beverageswith a high alcohol content, or
separates out other fermentation products of
commercial value.