Intermediary

Metabolism
CHE132

Fructose metabolism
All the
enzymes
involve in
fructose
metabolism
is found
only in liver
cell.
The G3P
enters
glycolysis.

Lipids or Fats is digested

by lipase to fatty acids

mitochond
ria

Fatty acid Transport and

Activation

Beta Oxidation

Acetyl CoA
enters the
Krebs
Cycle.
The fatty
acid is
repeatedly
beta
oxidize
until all its
carbon
skeleton is
converted

Sample problem
How many ATP (from NADH(2.5) and
FADH2(1.5)) can be produced from
palmitic acid (C15 COOH) the major fatty
acid from pork?

Seat work
Stearic acid (C17COOH) is about 12-14%
of Lard (the fat of Pork). How many ATP
can be produced from 1 molecule of
Stearic acid.

Fate of Amino acid

carbon skeleton
The carbon
skeleton of
amino acid
are
generally
converted
to different
intermedia
te of
Krebs
cycle.

Alanine transaminase,
SGPT

Aspartate transaminase
or SGOT or AST

Asparta
te

Alpha
ketoglutar
ate

oxaloacet
ate

glutam
ate

The Urea cycle occur in

the liver and kidney cells

Umbrella
Urea

Interesting facts about PROTEIN

AND FAT metabolism
1. High protein diets more likely damage
the kidneys and liver.

2. Protein consume lots of ATP to remove

NH3 thus Atkins diet results to weight loss.

3. L carnitine is part of the transport

system of fatty acid into mitochondria.

Quiz 1
1. The enzyme that converts glucose to

glucose 6-phosphate is _________.

2. The enzyme that regulates glycolysis
is ______.
3. What are the two phases of
glycolysis?
4. What enzyme convert a free fatty acid
to acyl coA?
5. What enzyme convert acyl coA and
carnitine to acylcarnitine?

Quiz 1
6. Malate dehydrogenase converts malate to

_____?
7. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose
in what particular part of the cell?
8. What enzyme converts an acyl coA to an
enoyl coA?
9. What enzyme converts a keto acyl coA to an
acetyl coA and a new acyl coA?
10. What vitamin is the precursor of coenzyme
A(coA)?

Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative phosphorylation is the
process in which ATP is formed as
a result of the transfer of
electrons from NADH or FADH2 to
O2 by a series of electron
carriers.
-Stryer

Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative phosphorylation
generates 26 of the 30
molecules of ATP that are
formed when glucose is
completely oxidized to
CO2 and H2O.
-Stryer

Electron Transport Chain

Oxidative phosphorylation is
conceptually simple and
mechanistically complex.
-Stryer

Electron transport chain

The unraveling of the
mechanism of oxidative
phosphorylation has been one of
the most challenging problems
of biochemistry.
-Stryer

Oxidative Phosphorylation in
Eukaryotes Takes Place in
Mitochondria
Eugene Kennedy and
Albert Lehninger
discovered a halfcentury ago that
mitochondria contain
the respiratory
assembly, the enzymes
of the citric acid cycle,
and the enzymes of
fatty acid oxidation

Mitochondria Are Bounded

by a Double Membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
takes place in the inner
mitochondrial membrane, in
contrast with most of the
reactions of the citric acid
cycle and fatty acid oxidation,
which take place in the
matrix.

Mitochondria Are the Result

of an Endosymbiotic Event
A free living organism
capable of oxidative
phosphorylation was
engulfed by another cell.
The most mitochondriallike bacterial genome is
that of Rickettsia
prowazekii, the cause of
louse borne typhus.

High-Energy Electrons: Redox

Potentials and Free-Energy
Changes

A 1.14-Volt Potential Difference

Between NADH and O2 Drives
Electron
Transport Through the Chain and
Favors the Formation of a Proton
Gradient

Gibbs free energy of ATP

rxn

G = - 7.5 kcal mol-1 ( - 31.4 kJ mol-1) for the

hydrolysis of ATP - Stryer

Glass electrode Nernst equation

E = E - 0.0592pH

32

Delta G of pumping
H+=5.2 kcal/mol

The pH outside is 1.4 units lower than inside

[corresponding to log10 (c 2/c 1) of 1.4]
The membrane potential is 0.14 V, the outside
being positive

Electrons Can Be Transferred

Between Groups That Are Not in
Contact

The Respiratory Chain Consists of

Four Complexes: Three Proton
Pumps and a
Physical Link to the Citric Acid Cycle

The High-Potential Electrons of NADH Enter

the Respiratory Chain at NADH-Q
Oxidoreductase
NADH-Q
oxidoreductase is
also known as NADH
dehydrogenase and
complex I.

The reduction of
Q(ubiquinone)

Actually the electrons and

H+ go to Flavins first

to iron sulfur cluster

before finally going to

Q(ubiquinone).

Complex I

Ubiquinone,Q Is the Entry Point for

Electrons from FADH2 of Flavoproteins
Succinate-Q reductase complex
(Complex II) is the same enzyme that
converts succinate to fumarate and also
transfers electrons from FADH2 to Q.
Likewise the electrons are first
transferred to iron sulfur complex
Before finally converting ubiquinone, Q to
ubiquinol, QH2.

Electrons Flow from Ubiquinol to

Cytochrome c Through Q-Cytochrome c
Oxidoreductase

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
(also known as
Complex III and cytochrome
reductase)

Attachment of heme of
cytochrome c

Transmembrane Proton Transport: The Q Cycle

Complex III

Cytochrome c Oxidase Catalyzes the

Reduction of Molecular Oxygen to Water
Cytochrome c
oxidase is
also known as
complex IV

Copper center B

Heme A

Complex IV

Quiz 3
1. Identify the enzyme that is responsible for

transferring the electrons from NADH to

ubiquinone.
2. Identify the CYCLE THAT describe the
transfer of electron from ubiquinol to
cytochrome c.
3. The other name for complex III is ____?
4. Actually NADH transfers its electrons to
_____ then to _____ before going to Q.
5. This enzyme converts ADP to ATP.
6. In ETC the final receiver of electron is
____ which is converted to water.

Toxic Derivatives of Molecular Oxygen Such

as Superoxide Radical Are
Scavenged by Protective Enzymes

Vitamin E and C are

antioxidants
Because it is lipophilic, vitamin E is
especially useful in protecting membranes
from lipid peroxidation
-Stryer

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: A Proton

Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP

Peter Mitchell
1978 Nobel Prize
in Chemistry for
his chemiosmotic
hypothesis
originally
presented in 1961.

ATP Synthase Is Composed of a

Proton-Conducting Unit and a
Catalytic Unit

ATP synthase is also

known as complex
V

Proton Flow Through ATP Synthase Leads to

the Release of Tightly Bound
ATP: The Binding-Change Mechanism

The World's Smallest Molecular

Motor: Rotational Catalysis

Proton Flow Around the c

Ring Powers ATP Synthesis

First Exam Topics

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Krebs cycle
Beta oxidation
Electron transport system
Urea cycle/Amino acid deamination

Electron transport
system

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis Is Not
a Reversal of Glycolysis

The Conversion of Pyruvate into

Phosphoenolpyruvate Begins with the
Formation of Oxaloacetate

Pyruvate carboxylase

Carboxybiotin

Oxaloacetate
leaves the
mitochondria
as malate
Malate is reconverted
to oxaloacetate in the
cytosol

Oxaloacetate Is Shuttled into the Cytosol and

Converted into
Phosphoenolpyruvate

The Conversion of
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
into Fructose 6-phosphate and
Orthophosphate
Is an Irreversible Step

The Generation of Free Glucose

Is an Important Control Point
glucose 6-phosphate is transported into
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

where it is hydrolyzed to glucose by

glucose 6-phosphatase.

ATP and GTP

Six High Transfer Potential

Phosphoryl Groups Are Spent in
Synthesizing
Glucose from Pyruvate

Glycogen link is alpha 14!!!

Glycogenesis

glycogenolysis

lipogenesis

lipogenesis