EARTHWORK AND

EXCAVATION

AKSHAYA KRISHNA
RAGA SANDYA
PREETHI ALMA FRANCIS

EARTH WORK AND EXCAVATION

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or
processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or
unformed rock . The earth may be moved to another location and formed
into a desired shape for a purpose.Much of earthworks involves machine
excavation and fill or backfill.
EXCAVATION
All excavation work shall be carried out by mechanical
equipment's unless, in the opinion of Engineer, the
work involved and time schedule permit manual work.
Excavation for permanent work shall be taken out to
such widths, lengths, depths and profiles as are shown
on
the drawings or such other lines and grades as may be
specified by Engineer. Rough excavation shall be
carried out to a depth 150 mm above the final level. The
balance shall be excavated with special care. Soft
pockets shall be removed even below the final level and
extra excavation filled up as directed by Engineer
should be carried out just prior to laying the mud-mat.

Classification of Soil
All materials to be excavated shall be classified into one of the classes listed
below. The engineers decision regarding classification of excavated material is
binding on the
contractors.
Soft/Loose/Hard/Dense Soil and Mud
Generally any soil which yields to the application of pick and shovel or to
phawra, rake or other ordinary digging equipment such as vegetable or organic
soil, turf, gravel, sand, silt,loam, clay, peat, cobble stone, mud etc. It shall
include embedded rock boulders of size less than 1 metre in any dimension &
not more than 200 mm in any of the other two dimensions.
Soft/Disintegrated/Weathered Rock (Not Requiring Blasting)
Rock or boulder which may be quarried or split with crowbar. This will also
include murrum laterite and hard conglomerate. For this type of soil the core
sample recovery is less than or equal to 0.50. This shall also include rock
boulder not bigger than 1 metre in any dimension & not more than 500 mm in
anyone of other 2 dimension.
Hard Rock (Requiring Blasting)
The type of strata which cannot be excavated with pick-axes, crowbars etc. Any
rock or boulder for the excavation of which blasting is required. For this type of
soil the core sample recovery is more than 0.50.

FILL, BACK FILLING AND SITE GRADING

GENERAL
All fill materials will be subject to Engineers
approval. If Engineer rejects any materials,
Contractor shall remove the same forthwith
from the site at no extra cost to the Owner.
Surplus fill material shall be
deposited/disposed off as directed by
Engineer after the fill work is completed.
No earth fill shall commence until surface
water discharges and streams have been
properly intercepted or otherwise dealt with
as directed by Engineer.
MATERIAL
To the extent available, selected surplus spoils from excavated materials
shall be used as backfill. Fill materials shall be free from clods, salts,
sulphates, and organic or other foreign material. All clods of earth shall be
broken into pieces not larger than 150-mm size mixed with properly graded
fine materials consisting
of murrum or earth to fill up the voids and the mixture used for filling.

If any selected fill material is required to be borrowed; Contractor shall make

arrangements for bringing such material form outside borrow pits.
The material and source shall be subject
to prior approval of Engineer. The
approved borrow pit area shall be cleared
of all bushes, roots of trees, plants,
rubbish etc. top soil containing A-1/4
salts/ sulphates and other foreign
materials shall be removed.

The materials so removed shall be burnt or disposal off as directed by

Engineer. Contractor shall make necessary access roads to borrow areas
and
maintain the same, if such access road does not exist, at his cost.
AASHTO CLASS A-3 SOIL BACKFILL
The Contractor shall furnish, place, and compact AASHTO Class A-3 soil,
free of organic or other suitable material for backfill or bedding as specified
herein, in authorized excavation above or below normal grade and in other
locations as indicated on the drawings, or as specified, and where ordered
by the Engineer for miscellaneous backfill.

FILLING IN TRENCHES
Filling in trenches for pipes and drains shall be commenced as
soon as the joints of pipe and drains have been
tested and passed. The backfilling materials shall be properly
consolidated by watering and ramming, taking
Where the trenches are
due care that no damage is caused to the pipes.
excavated in soil, the filling
from the bottom of the trench
to the level of the centerline
of the pipe shall be done by
hand compaction with
selected approved earth in
layers, backfilling above the
level
of the centre line of the pipe
shall be done with selected
earth by hand compaction or
other approved means in
In case of excavation of trenches in rock, the fillinglayers.
up to a level 30 cm.
above the top of the pipe shall be done
with fine materials, such as earth, murrum etc.
The filling up of the level of the centerline of the pipe shall be
done by hand compaction in layers.

Whereas the filling above the centerline of the pipe

shall be done by hand
compaction or approved means in layer not exceeding
45 cms.

The filling from a level 30-cm above the top of

the pipe to the trench shall be done by hand or other approved
mechanical methods with broken rock filling
mixed with fine material as available to fill up the voids.
Filling of the trenches shall be carried simultaneously on both sides of the
pipe to avoid unequal pressure on
the pipe.

BACKFILL STRUCTURES
Backfilling shall be accomplished as soon as practical after
underground work on the structure is completed. No trash shall be
allowed to accumulate in the space to be backfilled. Particular care
shall be taken to avoid leaving wood where it will be buried.
The space to be backfilled shall be well
cleaned before backfilling
commences.
Ground surface shall be restored to the
elevation shown on the
plans, which generally will conform to
the undisturbed surface
COMPACTION AND DENSITY
Backfill and compaction shall be conducted to achieve densities as
specified herein. Methods for backfill placement and compaction shall be
subject to approval by the Engineer. Compaction under paving shall
refer to installations immediately under paving and also to installations
within a plane described as 1 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) slope downward
from the edge of roadway or back of curb.