Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chaos !!!
Juggernaut
Anthony Giddens
State of War
Each person becomes
the enemy of others.
Ethical Theories
Consequentalist:
Non consequentalist
Principles of justice
Keadilan yang sifatnya menyeimbangkan alokasi benefit dan beban antar anggota
kelompok. Benefit terdiri dari pendapatan, pekerjaan, kesejahteraan, pendidikan
dan waktu luang. Beban terdiri dari tugas kerja, pajak dan kewajiban sosial
Retributive justice, Keadilan yang terkait dengan retribution (ganti rugi) dan
hukuman atas kesalahan tindakan. Seseorang bertanggungjawab atas
konsekuensi negatif atas tindakan yang dilakukan kecuali tindakan tersebut
dilakukan atas paksaan pihak lain ,
Casuistry.
Another alternative to self interest is casuistry approach.
A comprehensive set of rules guiding principles for individual
conduct that also lead to general welfare.
Weaknesses:
Need a lot of rules to address specific situation.
Need rules to control conflicting rules.
Obeying the rules does not mean an individual has acted
ethically, he or she just fulfill the minimal requirement.
People try to find the loop-holes for bending the rules.
Utilitarianism;
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832); John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Principle: A decision is ethical if it provides greater net utility
than any other alternative decision.
A decision is ethical if it produces greatest good for
the greatest number of people.
Cost-Benefits Analysis for all stakeholders.
Dont lie to people. But a lie will be ethical if it produces
more benefits. For example: A truth should not be released
if that creates public unrest/panic.
Utilitarianism is not the same as the Hobbs Self Interest Theory.
Since the Self Interest Theory focuses on individual, company,
or community self interest. Utilitarianism concerns with all stakeholders self interest (sum of all interests).
Case:
Haruskah Perusahaan yang tidak mampu
membayar hutang pada Pemerintah perusahaannya
disita pemerintah dan dibekukan operasinya?
Ethics of duty.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Principle: Individuals right should not be violated by others,
An individuals duty is to protect others right, the
others duty is to protect the individuals right.
Example: If you have a right to free speech, I have a duty not to
violate your right to free speech as long as your speech
does not violate my rights.
Challenge of Ethics
Challenge from the right: Milton Freedman
The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase
its profits.
To make profits a company should produce high quality
and fair prices, otherwise would be out of business.