PRIMARY WATER

TREATMENT

History of Water
Treatment

WATER TREATMENT
The process of making water
suitable for certain use such as
domestic, industrial or any
other use.

Drinking water must be free of

organisms and chemical
concentrations that are
hazardous to human health.

Water should be free of :

Suspended Particles
Bad Tastes
Colors and Smells
And should not damage a
water supply system.

Levels of Water Treatment

Preliminary and Primary

Water Treatment

Primary treatment is any

physical, chemical or
mechanical process used on
water before it undergoes the
main treatment process.

Preliminary Water
Treatment
Aim: To remove the easily
separated components (mainly
bulky solids and grit) to protect
the principal treatment
processes which follow.

Bulky suspended or floating

solids are removed by screens
or are chopped up by
macerators or comminutors.
Grit is removed by grit
channels.

Primary Water Treatment

Primary treatment generally
refers to a sedimentation
process.
- light solids to sink to the
base of
the storage tank as
sludge and floating materials
to rise to the surface as scum.

Preliminary and primary

processes will remove
approximately 25 percent of
the organic load and virtually
all of the nonorganic solids.

SCREENING

Usually the first step in water treatment.

Screening removes or reduces the size
of trash and large solids that get into the
sewage system.
The solids collected by screening are
called screenings.

A screen is a device with

uniform openings through
which raw sewage is passed.
Sloping bar screens are used to
remove larger solid materials,
such as pieces of wood, which
can be intercepted by bars.

Types of Screens

Types of Screens

Types of Screens

Types of Screens

GRIT REMOVAL

Grit represents the heavier matter

in wastewater which will not
decompose in treatment
processes.
Grit chamber design is based on
the removal of all particles of
about 0.011 inch or larger.

Grit removal is practiced to

prevent its accumulation in
other parts of the treatment
system, to reduce clogging of
pipes and other parts, and to
protect moving parts from
abrasion and wear.

PLAIN
SEDIMENTATION

Sedimentation is a treatment
process in which suspended
particles are removed from the
water.
In this facility, settleable solids and
most suspended solids settle to the
bottom of the basin.

Removals from domestic

wastewaters undergoing plain
sedimentation will range from
about 30 to 40 percent for BOD
and in the range of 40 to 70
percent for suspended solids.

Factors that influence the

Sedimentation Process:
Density
Size
Temperature
Turbulence
Stability

Wastewater is usually retained

in a primary sedimentation
tank for a minimum period of
two hours, by which time most
settlement has been achieved.

Types of Sedimentation
Tanks

Rectangular Tank

Circular Tank

Four Stages
Inlet zone
Settlement zone
Outlet weir
Zone for the collection and storage of
the sludge.

SEDIMENTATION
WITH COAGULATION

If the suspended solids of

water are fine or colloidal in
size, chemicals are often used
to effect more complete
removal of the suspended
matter.

During coagulation, chemicals

(coagulant) are added in a
mixing tank to encourage the
small solids (suspended solids)
to coagulate into large
particles (chemical flocs) that
will more easily settle.

The positive charge of the

coagulant neutralizes the
negative charge of suspended
particles in the water.
When this reaction occurs, the
particles bind together and
become heavy and quickly settle
to the bottom of the water supply.

Sedimentati
on
Coagulant
Suspend
ed
Particle

Common
Coagulants

Common
Coagulants

After the primary treatment,

the water now undergoes the
Secondary (Biological)
Treatment whichremoves the
dissolved organic matter that
escapes primary treatment.

PRIMARY WATER
TREATMENT

- is any physical, chemical or mechanical

process used on water before it
undergoes the main treatment process.
SCREENING
GRIT REMOVAL
PLAIN SEDIMENTATION
SEDIMENTAION WITH COAGULATION