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Disperse System

Colloids
Those dispersions in which size of
dispersed particle is within the range
10-9 (1nm) to about 10 -6m (1Um) are
termed as colloids.

BACTERIA

Bateria
Bacteria are smallest & simplest
microorganism having definite shape with
different nucleus and are capable of
performing vital functions of life.
(Prokaryotes).

Morphological Features:
Size:
Range from 0.2um to 5 um
In many species of bacteria, bacillus is as
long as 20um & as short as 0.5um.
they vary from 0.5-1.0um in diameter.

Bacterial Cells:
Shapes & Arrangements
Round Bacteria
Coccus

Staphylococcus

Diplococcus

Tetrad

Streptococcus

Sarcina

Rod-shaped Bacteria
Bacillus
Diplobacillus

Streptobacillus

Shapes & Arrangement:


Three typical shapes of bacteria are
1)Rounded
2) Rods
3) Spiral shape (spirilla),
4) Filamentous shape (Streptomyces)

Shapes of Bacteria
Coccus
Chain = Streptoccus
Cluster = Staphylococcus

Bacillus
Chain = Streptobacillus

Coccobacillus
Vibrio = curved
Spirillum
Spirochete
Square

Chapter 4

Shape and Arrangement:


Cocci:
Diplococci: Occur in pairs,e.g,Neisseria gonorrhea

Streptococci: Occur in Chains, e.g; Streptococcus Pyogenes


Tetrods: Group of four cocci, e.g; Gaffiaya tetragena
Sarcinna: Cube like paket of 6 or 8 cocci, e.g; Sarcina lutea
Staphylococcus: Irregular bundle of cocci, e.g; Staphylococcus
aureus.

Baccilli:
They are rod shaped bacteria
.

a) Streptobaccilli: Occur in chains, e.g; Bacillus subtilis


b) Trichome: Chains of cell but have larger area of contact between
adjacent cells, e.g; saprospire species.

Spirilla:

Vibrios: Comma shaped, e.g; Vibrio cholrae.


Spirilla: Spiral shaped, e.g; Tripone-pallidum
Spirochetes: Flexible cell wall but no fiagella, e.g; Triponea pallidum.
Filamantous: Actinomyces, Streptomyces

Bacterial Cells:

Bacterial Cell Structures


1.

Capsules

2.

Cell Wall

3.

Plasma Membrane

4.

Cytoplasm & Cytoplasmic Inclusions

5.

Ribosomes

6.

Bacterial DNA

7.

Pili

8.

Flagella

9.

Spores

Capsules
Many species of bacteria (bacilli & cocci)
have a layer outside the cell wall which is
designated as
Microcapsule
Capsule
Loose slime according to their thickness,
composition & solubility.

Microcapsule:
It is relitively thin layer coposed of protein,
polysaccharides & lipids.
.

Capsules
It is thick viscous jelly like structure surrounding
the cell.
They are stained by ve staining.
Structure
Polysaccharide or polypeptide layer outside cell
wall
May be tightly or loosely bound
Detected by negative staining techniques

Capsules (cont.)
Functions :
It serve as buffer b/w cell and its external
environment.
They prevent the cell from dehydration.
They block attachment of bacteriophages.
They are involved in pathogenicity &
inhibit the engulfment of bacteria by WBC.

Cell Wall
Gram Staining
Method developed by Gram in 1888
Gram-positive cells stain purple
Gram-negative cells stain pink
Later, it was discovered that the major factor
determining Gram reactions is the bacterial
cell wall structure
Gram-positive & Gram-negative
These terms can mean either:
Staining results, or
Types of cell wall structure

Cell Wall

Peptidoglycan Structure
Composition

A Polysaccharide

Composed of alternating units of


N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Peptide Crosslinking Between


NAM units
Much thicker and more crosslinking
in Gram-positive than in
Gram-negative Bacteria

Cell Wall
Gram-positive Cell Wall
Thick Layer of Highly Crosslinked
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic Acid Strands (Teichoic acids are
bacterial copolymers of glycerol phosphate
or ribitol phosphate and carbohydrates
linked via phosphodiester bonds.)

Cell Wall
Gram-negative Cell Walls
Outer Membrane

Lipopolysaccharide Layer
containing Lipid A

Phospholipid Layer

Outer Membrane Proteins

Thin Layer of Peptidoglycan


with no teichoic acid
Periplasmic Space

Cell Wall
Variations on Cell Wall Architecture
Acid-fast Cell Walls

Similar to Gram-positive structure, but


have Mycolic Acid: A waxy lipid

Require special acid-fast staining technique

Includes Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Cell Wall
Variations on Cell Wall Architecture (cont.)
Mycoplasmas

Bacteria that are naturally have no cell walls

Includes Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Archaeobacteria

Have unusual archaeobacterial cell walls


with no peptidoglycan

Have unusual metabolisms

Share a more recent common ancestor with


eukaryotes than with eubacteria (true bacteria)

Plasma Membrane
Structure
Phospholipid Bilayer with Associated
Proteins

Functions
Maintain Cell Integrity
Regulate Transport
Specialized Functions in Bacteria

Cytoplasm &
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Composition:
Viscous aqueous suspension of proteins,
nucleic acid, dissolved organic compounds,
mineral salts

Cytoplasmic Inclusions:
Metachromatic Granules (Phosphate)
Starch Granules
Lipid Droplets
Sulfur Granules

Ribosomes
Suspended in Cytoplasm
Sites of Protein Synthesis

Pili
Pilli are morphologically distinct nonfilagella
apendages found particularly in Gram negetive
bacteria. They are 0.5-6um in length. No is 100400.
Chemistry:
They are compsed of protein pillin with
minimum molecular weight of about 17000.
Structure:

Pillis subunits are arranged in very precise helical


structure to form a smooth tube along a longitudinal
hole.

.
Function of Pilli:
one type called F-Pillus serve as a part of entry
of genetic material during bacterial conjugation
Other pilli play an important role in infection
by allowing the bacteria to attach to epithelial
cells of host.
Fimbriae:
They are sharp pilli. They help in attachment
to host cell.

Flagella
Function
Motility
Almost all motile bacteria are motile by
means of flagella
Motile vs. nonmotile bacteria

Structure
Filament
Composed of the protein flagellin
Hook & Rotor Assembly
Permits rotational "spinning" movement

Chemical Composition
Chemical composition of basal body is
unknown. Hook and filament are composed of
protein called Flagellin an elastic fibrous protein.
Origin of Flagella:
the fact that flagella arise from the cytoplasm
was indicated by observation that protoplast of
motile bacteria may still possess flagella. Their
origin is apparently a granule (Bleopheroplast)
within the plasma membrane.

Location and NO
Based on number & placement of flagella, bacteria
are divided into fillowing groups,
Monotrichous: having single flagella
e.g; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholrea
Lophotrichous: have group of two or more flagella at
one pole of the cell, e.g; pseudomonas fluorescens
Amphitrichous: have group of flagella at both ends,
e.g; Aquaspirillum serpens.
Peritrichous: whole covered with flagella
e.g; Salmonella typhi.

Flagella
Mechanism of Motility
Run and Tumble Movement
controlled by the direction of the flagellar
spin
Counter clockwise spin = Straight Run
Clockwise spin = Random Tumble

Flagella
Chemotaxis
Response to the concentration of chemical
attractants and repellants
As a bacterium approaches an attractant:
the lengths of the straight runs increase
As a bacterium approaches a repellant:
the lengths of the straight runs decrease

Bacterial Spore
These are highly resistant bodies produced within the cells of
certain G+ve bacteria. They are produced under unfavourable
conditions.

Chemistry & Structure.


Endospores are spherical to elliptical in shape or simply spindle

shaped. They consist of central core of cytoplasm & nucleod


surrounded by a membrane and then the spore wall.
Around the spore wall, there is second layer called Cortex.
The cortex is surrounded by the internal & external layers.
Lastly the whole is enclosed by exosporium.
Cortex contain Dipicolinic acid a special chemical constituent of
spore, responsible for remarkable resistant.

Types of Spores:
Various types of bacterial spores are
Terminal: e.g; C.terminale
Sub- Terminal: e.g, C.subterminale
Central: e.g; Bacillus aerus.

Bacterial Spores (Endospore)


Function
To permit the organism to survive during
conditions of desiccation, nutrient depletion,
and waste buildup
Bacterial spores are NOT a reproductive
structure, like plant or fungal spores

Occurrence
Produced by very few genera of bacteria
Major examples
Bacillus
Clostridium

Spores
Significance in Medicine & Industry
Spores are resistant to killing
Cannot be killed by 100C (boiling)
Requires heating to 120C for 15-20 min
(autoclaving or pressure cooking)

Spores
Sporulation
The process of spore formation
Governed by genetic mechanism
A copy of the bacterial chromosome is
surrounded by a thick, durable spore coat
This forms an endospore within a vegetative
cell
When the vegetative cell dies and ruptures,
the free spore is released

Spores
Spore Germination
When a spore encounters favorable growth
conditions
The spore coat ruptures and a new vegetative
cell is formed

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