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Design Considerations
Types
Parallel Flow
Counterflow
Simplest configuration.
Types (cont.)
Finned-Both Fluids
Unmixed
For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.
Heat exchanger performance is influenced by mixing.
Types (cont.)
Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.
The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:
Types (cont.)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Overall Coefficient
With subscripts c and h used to designate the hot and cold fluids, respectively,
the most general expression for the overall coefficient is:
1 1 1
UA UA c UA h
Rf , c
Rf , h
1
1
Rw
o hA c o A c
o A h o hA h
Overall Coefficient
o,c or h 1 1 f
A
c or h
A At total surface area (fins and exposed base)
A f surface area of fins only
Assuming an adiabatic tip, the fin efficiency is
tanh mL
mL
c or h
f , c or h
mc or h 2U p / kwt c or h
U p , c or h
f c or h
LMTD Method
- The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method A form of Newtons Law of Cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using a log-mean value of the temperature difference between the two fluids:
q U A T1m
T1m
T1 T2
1n T1 / T2
T1 Th,1 Tc ,1
Th , i Tc ,o
T2 Th ,2 Tc ,2
Th , o Tc ,i
T1 Th,1 Tc ,1
Th ,i Tc ,i
T2 Th ,2 Tc ,2
Th , o Tc ,o
Note that Tc,o can not exceed Th,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
For equivalent values of UA and inlet temperatures,
T1m,CF T1m , PF
Shell-and-Tube and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:
T1m F T1m,CF
Energy Balance
Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
q m h ih ,i ih , o
q m c ic ,o ic ,i
i fluid enthalpy
Assuming no l/v phase change and constant specific heats,
q m h c p , h Th ,i Th ,o Ch Th ,i Th ,o
q m c c p , c Tc ,o Tc ,i Cc Tc ,o Tc ,i
Special Conditions
Problem 1:
1/ UA c 1/ hA c R w 1/ o hA h
Rw
ln Di,2 / Di,1
ln 30 / 24
7.10 104 K / W.
2 kL
2 50 W / m K lm
Problem 2: